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POB 2 > Lecture 14 Animal Kingdom > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Animal Kingdom Flashcards

1
Q

Different domains

A

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2
Q

Three domains

A

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3
Q

Key characteristics of Eukaryotes (that distinguish from porkaryotes)

A
  • eukaryotic group is very diverse,
  • three main characteristics distinguishing them from prokaryotes:
    1. Compartmentalization
    2. Multicellularity in many, but not all, eukaryotes
    3. Sexual reproduction
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4
Q

LEARNING OUTCOMES

A

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5
Q

General Features of Animals

A
  • Nutritional Mode
    – Heterotrophy - obtain energy/ organic molecules by ingestion of food
    – animals ingest food and then digest it internally
  • Cell Structure and Specialization
    – Multicellularity - Many have complex bodies
    – Tissues - organized into structural and functional units
    – No cell walls – NO rigid cell walls and are usually flexible
  • Active movement - Move more rapidly and in more complex ways
  • Diversity of form - Vary greatly in form, ranging in size from organisms too small to see with the unaided eye to enormous
  • Reproduction and Development
    – Sexual reproduction - Animal eggs, which are nonmobile.
    – Embryonic development - Zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula
  • Larval stage possible with metamorphosis
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6
Q

Key Evolutionary Innovations of Animals

A

Five key transitions can be noted in animal evolution
– Tissues
– Symmetry
– Body cavity
– Patterns of Development
– Segmentation

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7
Q

Evolution of symmetry

A

There are two main types of symmetry:

Radial symmetry
– Body parts arranged around central axis
– Can be bisected into two equal halves in any 2-D plane

Bilateral symmetry
– Body has right and left halves that are mirror images
– Only the sagittal plane bisects the animal into two equal halves
Advantages
1. Cephalization - Evolution of a definite brain area
2. Greater mobility

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8
Q

Evolution of tissues

A

Diploblastic - animals (cnidarians), have only ectoderm and endoderm

Triploblastic - animals, all bilaterally symmetrical animals produce three germ layers (Eumetazoa)

– Outer ectoderm (body coverings and nervous system)
– Middle mesoderm (skeleton and muscles)
– Inner endoderm (digestive organs and intestine

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9
Q

3 germ layers

A

Ectoderm-forms the exoskeleton

Mesoderm-develops into organs

Endoderm- forms the inner lining of organs

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10
Q

Evolution of body cavities

A

Body cavity = Space surrounded by
mesoderm tissue that is

– Acoelomates = No body cavity
– Pseudocoelomates = cavity between
mesoderm and endoderm
Called the pseudocoelom

– Coelomates = Body cavity entirely within
the mesoderm
Called the coelom

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11
Q

Bilaterians can be divided into two groups:

A
  • Protostomes - develop mouth
    first from or near the
    blastopore
    – Anus (if present) develops
    either from blastopore or
    another region of embryo
  • Deuterostomes - develop
    the anus first from the
    blastopore
    – Mouth develops later from
    another region of the
    embryo

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12
Q

Deuterostomes vs. protostomes

A
  1. Cleavage pattern of embryonic cells
    –Protostomes = Spiral cleavage
    –Deuterostomes = Radial cleavage
  2. Developmental fate of cells
    –Protostomes = Determinate development
    –Deuterostomes = Indeterminate development
  3. Formation of the coelom
    –Protostomes = cells split off
    –Deuterostomes = cells pouch off
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13
Q

Evolution of segmentation

A

Two advantages
1. Redundant organ system in adults
such as occurs in the annelids
2. Efficient and flexible movement
-segments can move independently

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14
Q

Animal Phylogeny and diversification

A

Several data sources are used to infer evolutionary relationships among the three dozen extant animal phyla

–Whole genomes
–Morphological traits
–Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes
–Hox genes
–Protein-coding nuclear genes
–Mitochondrial genes

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15
Q

Animal Phylogeny and diversification

A

Five important points about the relationships among living animals are reflected in their phylogeny

  1. All animals share a common ancestor
  2. Sponges are the sister group to all other animals
  3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with tissues
  4. All animals except for sponges and a few others
    belong to the eumetazoans (“true animals”)
  5. Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria
  6. There are three major clades of bilaterian animals
    – Most bilaterians are invertebrates, animals that lack a backbone
    – Chordata is the only phylum that also includes vertebrates, animals
    with a backbone
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16
Q

Animal Phylogeny and diversification

A

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17
Q

Summary of key concepts: key steps in animal evolution

A

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18
Q

INVERTEBRATES

A

Classifying invertebrate species into groups based on evolutionary relationships helps us to understand their great diversity

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19
Q
  1. Basis of the classification of animals
A
  1. Level of organization - multicellular

2.Type of symmetry – distribution around the main central axis
* Bilateral –median plane
* Radial – radiate from central axis
* Asymmetrical – no symmetry

3.Type of skeleton
* Endoskeleton –internal (bone or cartilage)
* Exoskeleton – external (calcium carbonate shells, chitin, silica)

  1. Nature of digestive tract
    * Absent
    * Incomplete – one opening (mouth for input and output)
    * Complete – two openings (mouth and anus)

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20
Q

Protosomes

A
  1. Phylum Porifera
  2. Phylum Cnidaria
  3. Phylum Ctenophora
  4. Phylum Platyhelminthes
  5. Phylum Mollusca
  6. Phylum Annelida
  7. Phylum Nematoda
  8. Phylum Arthropoda
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21
Q

Summary of key concepts: key steps in animal evolution

A

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22
Q

Phylum Porifera

A
  • Sponges
  • Asymmetry
  • Endoskeleton with spicules
  • Various growth forms
    – Larval sponges free-swimming
    – Adults remain attached – sessile
  • Cell types
    – Truly multicellular
    – 3 functional layers in “vase”
  • Stationary
  • Asexual or sexual reproduction
  • Choanocytes
    – Flagellated – contributes to water circulation
    – Engulf and digest food from passing water

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23
Q

Summary of key concepts: key steps in animal evolution

A

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24
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A
  • radially symmetrical, diploblastic
  • Carnivores - Tentacles for stinging prey, and defense
    – First muscles and nerves
  • Extracellular digestion – one opening
    – Digestion takes place partly in gastrovascular cavity
    – Cells then engulf fragments by phagocytosis
  • Two body forms possible
    – Medusae- free-floating “jelly-fish”
    – Polyps- attached,
    corals, sea anemones, Hydra

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25
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A
  • Diploblastic, radial symmetry
  • Resemble Cnidarian with their gelatinous, medusa-like form
  • eight “combs” of cilia to propel them through water
  • Comb jelly

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26
Q

Summary of key concepts: key steps in animal evolution

A

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27
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A
  • Most prominent group is the flatworms
    – NO circulatory,
    – NO respiratory systems - Diffusion for gas transport
    – NO digestive system - absorb food directly through body walls – one opening
    – planarians and parasitic flukes and tapeworms
  • Simple Bilateral symmetry, no coelom
  • No coelom, Flatworms are ciliated, soft-bodied animals
  • Parasitic or free-living - Marine, freshwater, moist terrestrial
  • Cephalization - sensory equipment in the head

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28
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A
  • Second in diversity only to arthropods
  • Soft bodied unsegmented animals
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Exoskeleton - Protected by shells
  • Include snails, slugs, clams, octopuses and others
  • Reproduction - gonochoric
    – A few are hermaphroditic
    – Asexual reproduction
  • Major Classes
    – Class Gastropoda – snails
    – Class Cephalopoda –squids
    – Class Bivalvia –clams
    – Class Polyplacophora -chitons

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29
Q

Phylum Annelida

A
  • Segmented worms – earthworm, sandworm
    – Body built of repeated units - Allows for specialization
    – Head has well-developed cerebral ganglion
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Move by contracting their segments (filled with fluid)
    – Longitudinal and circular muscles
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Ventral nerve cord
  • Complete digestive tract (two openings)
    – Tube within a tube
  • Active burrowing affects climate change

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30
Q

Summary of key concepts: key steps in animal evolution

A

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31
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A
  • Vinegar eels, eelworms, and other roundworms
  • Found everywhere – abundant and diverse
  • Marine, freshwater, parasites, free-living
  • Bilaterally symmetrical and unsegmented
  • Covered by a flexible, thick cuticle that is molted as they grow
  • Digestive system well developed
    – Stylets – piercing organs near mouth
    – Pharynx – creates sucking action
    – Anus
  • Sexual life cycle
  • C. elegans - model organism

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32
Q

Nematode-caused diseases

A
  • Trichonosis, Trichinella
    – Rare in U.S.
    – Eating undercooked pork or bear
    transmits the worms
  • Pinworms, Enterobius vermicularis
    – Infects 30% of children in U.S.
    – Causes itching of the anus
  • Serious tropical nematode disease
    – Filariasis

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33
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A
  • By far the most successful animals
    – The most species (80% of all arthropods are insects)
  • Segmented body enclosed in exoskeleton of chitin
  • First to live in air
  • Bilateral symmetry/segmentation
  • Jointed appendages on either side of the body
  • Complete digestive tract (two openings)
  • Divided into four extant classes (some books use subphylum)
    – Chelicerata – spiders, mites, scorpions
    – Crustacea – lobster, crabs, shrimps
    – Hexapoda - insects
    – Myriapoda – centi- millipedes

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34
Q

Summary of key concepts: key steps in animal evolution

A

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35
Q

Deuterostomes

A
  • Deuterostomes are composed of echinoderms and chordates
  • Consist of fewer phyla and species than protostomes
  • Are more uniform in many ways, despite great differences in
    appearance
    ❖ Phylum Echinodermata
    ❖ Phylum Chordata
36
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

Exclusively marine (ocean)
* Deuterostomes with an endoskeleton
* Pentaradial symmetry
* Complete digestive tract (2 openings)

  • Sea stars
  • brittle stars,
  • sea urchins,
  • sand dollars,
  • sea cucumbers

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37
Q

Features of echinoderms

A
  • Symmetry
    – Pentaradial as adult, bilateral as larva
    – Oral surface defines mouth
    – All systems organized with branches radiating from center
    – Nervous system is nerve ring with branches
  • Endoskeleton
    – Epidermis covers endoskeleton
    – Composed of calcium carbonate ossicles
    – May be tightly or loosely joined
  • Water-vascular system - network of hydraulic canals branching
    into extensions called tube feet (locomotion and feeding)

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38
Q

Phylum Chordata (vertebrates)

A
  • Chordates are deuterostome coelomates
  • Most advanced animal group (more DNA)
  • Nearest relatives are echinoderms (the only other deuterostomes)
  • Four Characteristics of chordates
    1. Nerve cord - develops in CNS
    2. Notochord
  • May be replaced by vertebral column
    3. Pharyngeal slits
  • gas exchange, feeding structures
    4. Postanal tail
  • propelling force in many aquatic species
  • Fishes
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • birds
  • mammals

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39
Q

Phylum Chordata

A
  • Chordates are deuterostome coelomates
  • Nonvertebrate forms – subphyla urochordata, cephalochordata
    – Do not form bone
  • Vertebrate forms
    – Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

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40
Q

Phylogeny of living Chordates

A

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41
Q

KEY Characteristics of vertebrate evolution

A

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42
Q

Non Vertebrates

A

A. Urochordata
* Tunicates are marine animals
* Larvae are tadpole-like and have notochord and nerve cord
– Are free-swimming but do not feed
* Adults typically lose the tail and notochord
– Are immobile filter-feeders
– Many secrete a tunic (cellulose sac) that surrounds the animal

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43
Q

Non Vertebrates pt 2

A

B. Cephalochordata

  • Lancelets are scaleless chordates
  • Notochord persists throughout animal’s life
  • Spend most of their time partly buried
  • Have no distinguishable head
  • Feed on plankton using cilia-generated currents
  • Closest relatives to vertebrates
44
Q

Vertebrata

A
  • Chordates with a spinal column - Almost all chordates are vertebrates
  • Distinguished from nonvertebrates by
    – Vertebral column – Encloses and protects the dorsal nerve cord
    – Head – Distinct and well-differentiated possessing sensory organs
  • Neural crest – unique group of embryonic cells that forms
    many vertebrate structures (teeth, neurons, some bones)
  • Internal organs – liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, heart, and
    closed circulatory system
  • Endoskeleton – made of cartilage or bone
    – Makes great size possible and extraordinary powers of movement
45
Q
  1. Fishes - Earliest and most diverse vertebrate group
A
  • Over half of all vertebrates
  • Provided the evolutionary base for invasion of land by amphibians
    Characteristics
  • Vertebral column
    – Hagfish and lamprey exceptions
  • Jaws and paired appendages
    – Hagfish and lamprey exceptions
  • Internal gills
  • Single-loop blood circulation
  • Nutritional deficiencies
    – Inability has been inherited by all their vertebrate descendants
46
Q

Evolution of the jaw – Lampreys

A
  • The first fishes had mouths with no jaws -jawless vertebrates
    – Agnatha extant as hagfish and lampreys
  • Evolved from the anterior gill arches that were made of cartilage

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47
Q

Lateral line development - Sharks

A
  • Chondrichthyes – sharks and bony fish
  • Cartilage skeleton “calcified” with granules of calcium carbonate -
    Light, strong skeleton – sharks, skates, rays
  • Sharks - first vertebrates to develop teeth
  • Sharks (and bony fishes) - fully developed lateral line system
    – Series of sensory organs under the skin that detects changes in pressure waves

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48
Q

The Swim bladder - Bony fishes

A
  • Heavy internal skeleton made completely of bone
  • New adaptations include: – Swim bladder - Gas-filled sac
    regulate their buoyant density
    – Gill cover - Hard plate (operculum)
    covers gills Flexing plate permits water pumping over gilTwo groups of bony fish:
  • Ray-finned fishes
  • Lobe-finned fishes

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49
Q
  1. Amphibians - First Terrestrial Vertebrates
A

Evolutionary path to land
2. Amphibians - First Terrestrial Vertebrates
* Tetrapods:First vertebrates to walk on land * Direct descendants of fishes
* Amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fish
* 3 Modern Amphibian groups
– Order Anura (“without tail”) - frogs and toads
– Order Caudata (“visible tail”) - salamanders
– Order Apoda (“without legs”) - caecilians

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50
Q

Five distinguishing amphibian features

A
  • Legs – adaptation to life on land
  • Lungs - Ribs
  • Cutaneous respiration – supplement lungs
  • Pulmonary veins – separate pulmonary circuit allows higher pressure blood to tissues
  • Partially divided heart – improves separation of pulmonary and
    systemic circuits

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51
Q
  1. Reptiles - Adapted to Terrestrial Living
A
  • Over 7,000 living species
    Four key features
    – Amniotic eggs, which are watertight, laid on land
    – Dry skin, which covers body and prevents water loss
    – Thoracic breathing, which increases lung capacity
    – Ectothermy, they obtain heat from external sources
52
Q

4.Birds - Flying Reptiles

A

Bird characteristics
* Class Aves
* Birds are the most diverse of all terrestrial vertebrates
* Success lies in unique structure – feather
* Amniotic eggs and scales on legs
* No teeth and no tails
* Two major distinguishing traits
– Feathers
– Flight skeleton

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53
Q

Adaptations for flight

A

Adaptations birds have to cope with the energetic demands of flight
* Efficient respiration
– Air passes all the way through lungs in a single direction
* Efficient circulation
– 4-chambered heart so muscles receive fully oxygenated blood
– Rapid heartbeat
* Endothermy
– Body temperature (40–42oC) permits higher metabolic rate

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54
Q
  1. Class Mammalia
A
  • Lowest number among 5 vertebrate classes
    A. Mammalian traits
  • Hair - Insulation, camouflage, sensory structure
  • Mammary glands - secrete milk
  • Endothermy depends on higher metabolic rate
    – 4-chambered heart
    – Respiration using diaphragm
  • Placenta (most mammals) - brings fetal and maternal blood into close contact
  • Special adaptations in some groups
    – Specialized teeth - match particular eating habits (carnivore vs herbivore)
    – Digestion of plants - break down cellulose
  • Herbivorous mammals rely on mutualistic partnerships with bacteria
    – Development of hooves and horns
  • Flying mammals: Bats

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55
Q
  1. Evolution of Primates
A
  • Gave rise to humans
  • Evolved two features - success in an arboreal environment
    – Grasping fingers and toes
  • Opposable thumb
    – Binocular vision - Eyes shifted toward the front of the face
  • Lets brain judge distances precisely

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