Environmental Governance Flashcards
EG
governance -> no longer enacted through the state -> no single authority
environmental governance -> different mechanisms which are seen to guid, control and manage environmental protection across a variety of scale (Wurzel et al., 2013; Young, 2016)
environmental governance experienced the shift from government to nonstate actors in the 1990s
across formal and informal scales (Bridge and Perreault, 2009)
cultural norms and society play a role in enforcing governance
ties into Foucault’s ideas of biopower
Transnational networks -> form between different nonstate actors -> leads to collaborative work without hierarchialisations (Betsill and Bulkeley, 2006)
e.g. Ireland Citizens Assembly -> 2016 -> citizens the power to discuss and give their opinions -> led to the production of the 2019 June Climate Action Plan as 80% voted to improve mitigation strategies -> effective governance (Devaney et al., 2020).
French Law -> term in which public consideration needs to be gained before a law it passed (Callon et al., 2009)
intersectionality of power, politics and governance
becomes further politicised under neoliberalisation as privatisation takes away the goods and locks it in a commodification relationship
Natural Resource Governance -> South Gobi, Mongolia - mining and water usage under debate
actors involved: mining company Rio Tonto, banks, Mongolian gov, NGOs and herder families
EIA conducted by the gov was poor -> exploitation -> investors into the region enforce the mining companies to meet better standards
Neoliberalisation and governance -> decentralisation and privatisation = allowing nonstate bodies to make decisions about the environment (scaling out and down) (Corson, 2010)
began in the 1970s by Thatcher and Reagan (Corson, 2010)
neoliberalisation of the env
selling nature to save it (McAfree, 1999)
there are different forms of governance within this -> mobile and fluid e.g. private-public, centralised, decentralised (Driessen et al., 2012)
neoliberalisation and democratisation -> increased the number of layers and scales within governance
environmental governance in practice
hybrid forms of management e.g. National Landcare Program in Australia: environmental governance by giving local people access to the land instead of state implementation -> deal with issues like soil degradation and reduce species loss -> ineffective as the transition to sustainability is expected while farmers still maintain targets (Lockie and Higgins, 2007).
environmental concerns -> transboundary nature e.g. rivers
emergence of water governance -> acknowledge that watersheds are transboundary = reassessing them across Canada for more effective governance -> produced since water is natural, ontology’s view water differently -> GIS used to help reshape these boundaries (Cohen, 2012) -> e.g. in Quebec has led to state actors, local communities and other organisations working together to produce effective watershed policy (Cohen, 2012)
climate change as an environmental problem ->
needs to be addressed through governance as it is a global issue -> not limited to individual states (Lemos and Agrawal, 2006) -> neoliberalisation in some ways has therefore been productive = governance to become more collaborative and increase the no. of actors (Lemos and Agrawal, 2006)
governance -> more sources to aid decisionmaking
SmartEarth -> satellites around the globe
Bees with AI backpacks sending realtime data
Green Transition -> would require political shift and reorganisation of global governance -> social scientists and scientists would be required (experts in environmental governance)
= effective strategies for implementation (Aspinall, 2010).
Relevance of the nation-state? -> still relevant as democratic countries are not the norm = authoritarian regimes lack a civil society = state is therefore still in the decision-making process. Also, governments often outline an environmental manifesto to get elected.
clear trend = consumers are becoming more involved within environmental governance (Liverman, 2004) e.g. fair trade and sustainability (Bridge and Perreault, 2009).