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BIOEE 1780 > 16 > Flashcards

16 Flashcards

1
Q

Traits that unifies animals?

A

•collagen to make their tissues (in their extracellular matrix)

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2
Q

Collagen does what?

A

Keeps your cells together

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3
Q

Animals are sister to?

A

Choanoflagellates

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4
Q

Why aren’t choanoflagellates considered animals?

A

They dont have collagen

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5
Q

Big evolution of Bilaterian?

A

The evolution of symmetry

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6
Q

!!!Embryonic development in animals?

A

Cleavage: Zygote to two cells and divide into a blastula (hollow ball of cells). Gastrulation occurs and an opening occurs in the blastula called blastopore (early gastrula layer) by the inner membrane folding inside and creating two layers, endoderm and ectoderm. It either becomes the mouth or anus. The blastula can either become diploblastic or triloblastic.

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7
Q

Sponges are animals that lack?

A

True tissues, muscles, neurons, symmetry

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8
Q

What gives sponges structural support?

A

Mineral spicules

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9
Q

Ctenophores main traits?

A

Synapomorphy: 8 combs of cilia
•Radial symmetry
•Diploblastic
•Marine predators
•Flow through gut

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10
Q

Cnidaria traits?

A

•Aquatic, almost all marine
•Polyp and/or Medusa forms
•Radial symmetry
•Diploblastic
•No flow through gut
•Synapomorphy: cnidocytes

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11
Q

Cnidocytes?

A

Stinging cells

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12
Q

99% of animals are?

A

Bilateria

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13
Q

!!! All traits of bilaterians?

A
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14
Q

Taxa of lophotrochozoans? 3•

A

•Flatworms
•Mollusks
•Annelids

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15
Q

What unifies lophotrochozoans?

A

DNA evidence

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16
Q

Two big groups in Ecdysozoans?

A

Nematodes, arthropods

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17
Q

Traits that all organisms share in ecdysozoans?

A

She’d their exoskeleton

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18
Q

Do nematodes have appendages?

A

No

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19
Q

Why are Nematodes within ecdysozoans?

A

They shed their cuticle. They have to stay moist.

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20
Q

Anthropoids have a waxy exoskeleton which can suffocate them. How do they solve that?

A

They perform gas exchange through spiracles in their exoskeleton.

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21
Q

Diploblastic animals?

A

two cell layers: endoderm, ectoderm

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22
Q

Triploblastic animals?

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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23
Q

Which groups are diploblastic?

A

Ctenophores, cnidarians

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24
Q

Which groups are triploblastic?

A

Bilaterians

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25
Q

Two types of symmetry?

A

*Radial
*Bilateral

26
Q

Radial symmetry?

A

symmetric as a circle

27
Q

Groups that are radially symmetrical?

A

Diploblastic animals

28
Q

Groups that are bilateral symmetrical?

A

Triploblastic animals, mostly, as echinoderms are radially symmetric as adults

29
Q

What does ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm usually correspond to? 3*

A

Ectoderm: skin, nerves
Mesoderm: muscles
Endoderm: gut

30
Q

In protostomes, blastopore becomes?

A

The mouth

31
Q

In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes?

A

The anus

32
Q

Three types of body cavities among triploblastic animals?

A

*Acoelomate: filled with tissue
* pseudocoelomate: internal organs are lined with mesoderm but it does not surround
*coelomate: both the outer wall and all the internal organs are lined with mesoderm and surrounded

33
Q

choanoflagellates?

A

Aquatic, filter feed on bacteria, and its synapomorphy is collar of sticky tentacles to capture and eat bacteria. They have a simple posterior flagellum. Unicellular

34
Q

Sponges?

A

Aquatic, almost all marine, filter feeding, mostly sessile, and multicellular, except Eumetazoa. They attach to the ocean floor and there is water flow from the button to the top which they absorb nutrients from.

Their synapomorphies: mineral spicules to help support the body of the sponge.

35
Q

How do sponges reproduce?

A

Asexually via budding or fragmentation, but can also sexually through broadcast spawning.

36
Q

Ctenophores?

A

All marine, predators, radial symmetry, and flow through gut (nutrients enter through one side and exit through another).

Synapomorphy: 8 combs

37
Q

Cnidaria?

A

Jellyfish, hydras, anemones, and corals. All aquatic, almost all marine, polyp or medusa. Radially symmetry, no flow through gut.

Synapomorphy: cnidocytes (explosive stinging/adhesive cells)

No flow through gut with one opening in their digestive tract.

38
Q

Hydras?

A

Cnidarians and only have a polyp stage

39
Q

Amnemones and corals?

A

both polyp and larval stage

40
Q

Synapomorphies of Bilateral?

A

*Bilaterally symmetric
*Triploblastic

41
Q

Bilateria is sister to?

A

Cnidarians

42
Q

Bilateria is separated by?

A

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

43
Q

Lophotrochozoas?

A

apart of protostomes. The trochophore larva have a band of cilia around its middle that it uses to swim and bring food particles to its mouth. It has been lost in some groups.

Synapomorphy: DNA evidence

44
Q

Flatworms consist of?

A

Flatworms, tapeworms, and flukes. They are acoelomate. They have some cephalization (concentration of sense organs and neurons), no circulatory system, and

45
Q

Lophotrochozoans include what groups?

A

flatworms, mollusks, annelids

46
Q

Characteristics of flatworms?

A

*Acoelomate
*Blind-gut
*Parasitic taxa
*No circulatory system
*Free-living taxa
*Cephalized with ventral nerves

47
Q

flatworms do not have?

A

A circulatory system (easily gas exchange because of gas exchange) and some have lost their digestive tract since they only consume digested food from hosts.

48
Q

annelids?

A

Segmentation, closed circulatory system, coelomate, chitinous setae. fragmentation allows differentiation of function. the setae aid in locomotion by sticking into the substrate. They are coelomate: internal coelom with mesoderm lining the coelom and covering the internal organs. They have some cephalization

49
Q

Annelids can be where?

A

Marine
Freshwater
Terrestrial

50
Q

Annelids have?

A

Cephalized: anterior brain and ventral nerve chord

51
Q

Mollusk?

A

Almost all aquatic, some terrestrial detritivores, filter feeds, and predators. They have open circulatory system and more cephalization.

Synapomophories: Muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle. They are coelomates

They include octopuses

52
Q

Visceral mass?

A

centralized mass of centralized organs covered by a fold of tissue called the mantle. most species undergone tortion so the anus protrudes from the same hole in the shell from the head and foot.

53
Q

Mantles can lead to?

A

Shells

54
Q
A
55
Q

Do sponges have tissue layers?

A

No, they do not

56
Q

Which animals can you break apart and yet still function and regrow?

A

Sponges because they do not have tissue layers

57
Q

Eumetazoans?

A

Animals with true tissues, gastrulation, symmetrical body plan, and internal gastrovascular system. Sponges do not have any of these.

58
Q

Polyp stage?

A

A stage that attaches to the sea flow with tentacles pointing up

59
Q

Corals have a symbiosis relationship with?

A

Polyp and dinoflagellates

60
Q

Hox Genes?

A

Sets of genes that code for transcription factors that determines major factors of body plan development.

61
Q

Synapomorphy that primarily combined Cnidarian and bilaterians?

A

Hox Genes

62
Q

Bilateria evolved around?

A

Right before the Cambrian explosion 540 Mya.

BIOEE 1780 (21 decks)

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