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BIO 150.01 > M4: Community Ecology - Species Abundance and Diversity > Flashcards

M4: Community Ecology - Species Abundance and Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What consumes live plant material?

A

Herbivore

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2
Q

What consume other organism?

A

Predators

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3
Q

What live off hosts, but do not kill them?

A

Parasite

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4
Q

What live off parasite?

A

Hyperparasite

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5
Q

What larvae live off and kill their host?

A

Parasitoid

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6
Q

What induce disease?

A

Pathogen

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7
Q

What is the association of interacting species in an area?

A

Community

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8
Q

What is the community structure?

A

No. of species (diversity), abundance, and biomass

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9
Q

What are species abundance?

A

Normally distributed.
Most are moderately abundant. Few are extremely abundant and extremely rare.

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10
Q

Who proposed that “abundance of species are minimal (basic) community structure”?

A

G.F. Clause

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11
Q

What is bell-shaped distribution?

A

Lognormal Distribution

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12
Q

In species rarefaction curves, what does increasing trend means?

A

Still recording more species

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13
Q

What is “relative abundance + no. of species”?

A

Species diversity

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14
Q

What is the probability that two individuals randomly selected from sample belongs to same species?

A

Simpson’s index (D)

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15
Q

What is the formula of Simpson’s index?

A

D = EPi^2
Pi - proportion of ith species in samples

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16
Q

Simpson’s index (D) can be 0 to 1. What does it imply?

A

0 means higher richness and evenness. 1 mens 1 species is present.

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17
Q

What is the probability that two individuals randomly selected from sample belongs to different species?

A

Simpson’s Index of Diversity

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18
Q

What is the formula for Simpson’s Index of Diversity?

A

Simpson’s Index of Diversity = 1 - D

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19
Q

What is when only one species is present, value is 1, as well as the max value is the number of species in community (s)?

A

Simpson’s Reciprocal Index

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20
Q

What is the formula for Simpson’s reciprocal index?

A

Simpson’s Reciprocal Index = 1/D

21
Q

What is all species in community are equally abundant? (0 to 1)

A

Measure of evenness (ED)

22
Q

What is the formula for measure of evenness(ED)?

A

ED = (1/D)/S

23
Q

What is the formula for Shannon-Wiener index (H’)?

A

Pi - Proportion of ith species in sample
logePi - natural logarithm of Pi
s = number of species in community
s
H’ = - EPilogePic
i = 1

24
Q

What is 0 to 1 in Shannon-Wiener Index?

A

0 with only 1 species

25
Q

What is the increases in Shannon-Wiener Index?

A
  • Increases with higher sp. richness
  • Increases with higher sp. evenness
26
Q

What is 0 to 1 in Evenness index using H’?

A

1 means all species in community are equally abundant

27
Q

In the Shannon-Wiener index curve, what does high slope and low slope implies?

A

High slope = Less Evenness
Low Slope = High Evenness

28
Q

What promote higher diversity?

A

Intermediate level of disturbance

29
Q

When does equilibrium occur?

A

When environmental conditions are more/less stable

30
Q

What is disturbance according to W. Sousa?

A

Creates an opportunity for new individuals to become established

31
Q

What is disturbance according to P.S. White & S. Pickett?

A

Disrupts the ecosystem, community or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment

32
Q

What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

A

According to J. Connell, high diversity is a consequence of continually changing conditions

33
Q

What happens with high and low level disturbance?

A

Reduced diversity

34
Q

What happens with intense and frequent disturbance?

A

Less species can colonize and complete life cycle

35
Q

What happens with infrequent and less intense disturbance?

A
  • Most effective competitor
  • Efficient resource use
  • Efficient interference competition
36
Q

What happens when more species colonize?

A

No time for competitive exclusion.

37
Q

What are Simpson and Shannon-Wiener indices sensitive to?

A

Number of species and abundance

38
Q

Where is Simpson’s index sensitive to?

A

Dominant Species

39
Q

Where is Shannon-Wiener Index sensitive to?

A

Rare Species

40
Q

What do the indices exhibits with species richness?

A

Non-linear relationship

41
Q

What does communities at high species richness implies?

A

More similar indices

42
Q

What is the mathematically unified family of diversity indices?

A

Hill’s number

43
Q

Where is hill’s number sensitive to?

A

Rare to common species with increasing q (0 to 4)

44
Q

What is the shortcomings of species richness?

A

Cannot detect rare/common species and do not incorporate abundance

45
Q

What is the shortcomings of diversity indices?

A

Not intuitive and cannot be compared directly with sp. richness

46
Q

What is the shortcomings of Hill’s Numbers?

A

Sensitive sampling effort and unequal replicates must be rarefied

47
Q

What is the number of species?

A

Species richness

48
Q

What is the number of species per area?

A

Species diversity

BIO 150.01 (13 decks)

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