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Parasitology > Cryptosporidiosis and Coccidian Diseases > Flashcards

Cryptosporidiosis and Coccidian Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Is cryptosporidium considered a coccidia?

A

NO

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2
Q

what type of cells do Coccidians and cryptosporidium infect?

A

GI tract & extra-intestinal sites

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3
Q

what genus are Coccidia?

A

Eimeria, Cystoisospora, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis, etc.

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4
Q

what is a zoite?

A

elongated, motile cell

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5
Q

what is an oocyst?

A

environmentally resistant stage

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6
Q

what does oocysts contain?

A

infective sporozoites, located within sporocysts

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7
Q

Are most cryptosporidium host specific or broad?

A

mostly host specific

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8
Q

what does cryptosporidium damage?

A

infect/damage mucosal epithelial cell

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9
Q

what type of life cycle does Cryptosporidium have?

A

direct

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10
Q

what type of transmission does Cryptosporidium that infect the GI tract have?

A

fecal-oral

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11
Q

what type of transmission does Cryptosporidium that infect the respiratory tract have?

A

droplet transmission

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12
Q

what is Schizogeny?

A

meronts divide -> merozoites -> infect host cells -> merontsm -> repeat

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13
Q

what is gametogeny?

A

subset of merozoites infect host cells and develop into gamonts -> gametes

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14
Q

what is fertilization?

A

zygotes -> ooxysts

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15
Q

what is the sporogeny of Cryptosporidium?

A

oocysts sporulate (sporozoites develop) endogenously (inside host)

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16
Q

what is a thin-walled oocyst?

A

sporozoites excyst and reinfect host

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17
Q

what is a thick-walled oocyst?

A

infective when shed, viable for months, resists disinfectants

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18
Q

Map out the life cycle of Cryptosporidium spp.?

A

oocyst ingested/inhaled -> sporozoites excyst -> infect host cells -> develop into meronts -> schizogeny -> gametogeny -> fertilization

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19
Q

what does gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis cause?

A

gastroentereitis

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20
Q

what is seen in most hosts infected with gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis?

A

mild to moderate, watery, self-limited diarrhea

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21
Q

what are the hosts of C. parvum?

A

ruminants, horses

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22
Q

what are the hosts of C. baileyi?

A

poultry

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23
Q

what is a large risk of C. parvum?

A

zoonotic, transmit to humans

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24
Q

what are the primary hosts of respiratory cryptosporidiosis?

A

avian hosts

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25
Q

what cryptosporidium causes respiratory and gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis

A

C. baileyi

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26
Q

what are the symptoms of Respiratory cryptosporidiosis?

A

sinusitis, bronchitis, airsacculitis, pneumonia -> coughing, dyspnea, abnormal respiratory sounds

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27
Q

how do you diagnose Cryptosporidiosis?

A

clinical signs and…
microscopic ID of oocysts
ELISA
PCR

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28
Q

what is used to treat cryptosporidiosis?

A

nirazoxanide (calves)
paraomomycin (dogs and cats)
supportive therapy (main use)

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29
Q

how can cryptosporidiosis be prevented?

A

enforce strict sanitation and good management
isolate affected animals

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30
Q

what does Eimeria spp. largely impact?

A

ruminants and poultry

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31
Q

where do most Eimeria spp. infect? (location)

A

GI tract - enterocytes and/or cells in lamina propria

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32
Q

Are the predilection sites of Eimeria always the same?

A

no varies by species

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33
Q

what is the predilection site of E. tenella?

A

cecum

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34
Q

what type of life cycle does Eimeria have?

A

direct

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35
Q

How is Eimeria transmitted?

A

fecal-oral

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36
Q

what is the enteric cycle of Eimeria spp.?

A

schizogeny, gametogeny, fertilization, oocyst production

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37
Q

what is the sporogony of EImeria spp.?

A

oocysts typically sporulate exogenously (outside host)

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38
Q

what is the host of E. tenella?

A

chicken

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39
Q

what is the host of E. bovis?

A

bovine

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40
Q

Is there cross-infection between goats and sheep with Eimeria spp.? why or why not?

A

No b/c of strict host specificity

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41
Q

what do you see with Eimeria-induced coccidiosis?

A

enteritis (mild to moderate = damage to epithelium, severe = damage to epithelium and lamina propria)
diarrhes, fever, inappetence, dehydration, weight loss, emaciation, decreased production, death

42
Q

what is winter coccidiosis?

A

severe cold provokes disease at even low infection levels

43
Q

what is nervous coccidiosis?

A

enteritis + neurological disturbances, mainly seen in coldest months

44
Q

how do you diagnose Eimeria induced coccidiosis?

A

clinical signs and…
microscopic ID - fecal float

45
Q

what is the treatment of Eimeria-induced coccidiosis?

A

self-limiting - spontaneous recovery w/out treatment is common
anticoccidial drugs
supportive thearpy

46
Q

what anticoccidial drug should be used to treat Eimeria-induced Coccidiosis in cattle?

A

amprolium

47
Q

what anticoccidial drug should be used to treat Eimeria-induced Coccidiosis in small ruminants?

A

amprolium

48
Q

what anticoccidial drug should be used to treat Eimeria-induced Coccidiosis in poultry?

A

amprolium

49
Q

what is the preventention/control of Eimeria-induced Coddidiosis?

A

sanitation & animal management
isolate affected animals
prophylactic use of anticoccidial drugs
vaccines

50
Q

what type of life cycle does Cystoisospora spp.?

A

direct life cycle with fecal oral transmission + transmission via paratenic host

51
Q

how do paratenic hosts aid in the transmission of Cystoisospora spp.?

A

paratenic host ingests oocyst -> sporozoites encyst in lymph nodes & form tissue cysts -> infective to definitive host

52
Q

what is the transmission of Cystoisospora spp.?

A

fecal-oral

53
Q

where does Cystoisospora spp. infect?

A

GI tract - primarily infect enterocytes -> host cells ruptured/destroyed

54
Q

Are Cystoisospora spp. host specific?

A

strictly host specific

55
Q

what does Cystoisospora spp. infect?

A

GI tract - primary enterocytes, host cell ruptured/destroyed

56
Q

what is the enteric cycle of Cystoisospora spp.?

A

schizogeny, gametogeny, fertilization, oocyst production

57
Q

what type of sporulation does Cystoisospora spp. have - endogenous or exogenous?

A

exogenous sporulation

58
Q

what is the Cytoisospora that infects swine?

A

C. suis

59
Q

what is the Cytoisospora that infects dogs?

A

C. canis

60
Q

what is the Cytoisospora that infects felines?

A

C. felis & C. rivolta

61
Q

what are the definitive hosts of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

felids (wild and domestic)

62
Q

How are felids typically infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

A

eating tissue cysts harbored by infected intermediate hosts

63
Q

what is the enteric cycle of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

schizogeny and gametogeny in felid enterocytes -> oocysts shed in feces

64
Q

How do oocysts sporulate for Toxoplasma gondii?

A

oocysts sporulate exogenously

65
Q

what is the consequence of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts sporulating exogenously?

A

infective to intermediate hosts and felids

66
Q

what is the extra-enteric cycle for intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

tachyzoites develop in/rupture out of SI & mesenteric lymph node cells

67
Q

what does tachyzoite explosion result in in intermediate hosts?

A

acute toxoplasmosis

68
Q

what do tachyzoites form over time in intermediate hosts?

A

form tissue cysts containing bradyzoites in CNS, muscle, visceral organs

69
Q

what are bradyzoites infective to?

A

felids and intermediate hosts

70
Q

which phase has chronic toxoplasmosis?

A

tissue cyst phase

71
Q

what species can exta-enteric cycle be present in?

A

mammals and birds
felids

72
Q

which population of cats and dog get toxoplasmosis?

A

most common in immunodeficient adults and very young animals

73
Q

what is a common cause of abortion and stillbirth in sheep and goats?

A

toxoplasmosis

74
Q

what species are generally resistant to toxoplasmosis?

A

equids and cattle

75
Q

how is toxoplasmosis diagnosed?

A

serological tests
ID tachyzoites
oocysts

76
Q

how is toxoplasmosis treated?

A

clindamycin, pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine + pyrimethanie
supportive care

77
Q

what does treatment of toxoplasmosis not eliminate?

A

bradyzoites in tissue cysts (chronic toxoplasmosis)

78
Q

how is toxoplasmosis prevented/controlled?

A

sanitation & animal management
preventing hunting activity by cats
do not feed raw/undercooked meat or viscera to cats, dogs, etc.
sheep - live vaccine to prevent abortion and still birth

79
Q

what are the definitive hosts of Neospora canium?

A

dogs, dingoes, wolves, coyotes

80
Q

what are the intermediate hosts of Neospora caninum?

A

cattle, deer, other mammals

81
Q

does Neospora canium have an enteric and extra-enteric cycle?

A

yes - similar to toxoplasma gondii

82
Q

what causes the tissue damage and inflammation in Neospora caninum?

A

tachyzoites & tissue cysts

83
Q

what are the disease patterns for dogs, cattle, and horses with Neosporosis?

A

dogs - subclinical infection
cattle - major cause of abortion, subclinical infection typically
horses - rare cause of EPM

84
Q

what disease will have fetuses autolyzed in cattle?

A

Neosporosis

85
Q

How is neosporosis diagnosed?

A

serologic tests
ID of tachyzoites
oocysts

86
Q

How is neosporosis treated in dogs and cattle

A

dogs - clindamycin or trimethoprim sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
cattle - no treatment

87
Q

How is neosporosis prevented/controlled?

A

prevent dogs from eating bovine placental tissues, fetal membranes, raw meats
do not breed females w/ a history of clinical neosporosis or that welped affected pups
avoid glucocorticoids or other immunosuppressive drugs, to seropositive dogs
prevent contamination of livestock feed w/ dog

88
Q

which Sarcocystis spp. is not host specific?

A

S. neurona
various mammals serve as intermediate hosts

89
Q

what are the definitive hosts of Sarcocystis spp.?

A

carnivorous & omnivorous mammals, birds, reptiles

90
Q

what is the mode of transmission of Sarcocystis spp.?

A

ingestion of tissue cysts (sarcocysts) in striated muscle of infected inermediate hosts

91
Q

what is the enteric cycle of Sarcocystis spp.?

A

oocysts (endogenous sporulation -> sporocysts shed in feces

92
Q

what are the intermediate hosts of Sarcocystis spp.?

A

mammals, birds, reptiles

93
Q

how are intermediate hosts infected with Sarcocystis spp.?

A

ingestion of sporocysts

94
Q

how do Sarcocystosis diseases present?

A

subclinical

95
Q

what is seen in horses with Sarcocystosis?

A

equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM)

96
Q

what is seen in cows with sarcocystosis? which Sarcocystis spp.?

A

Cattle - S. cruzi - fever, anorexia, cachexia, decreased milk yield, diarrhea, muscle spasms, anemia, loss of tail hair, hyper excitability, weakness, prostration, abortion, death

97
Q

what is seen in sheep with sarcocystosis? which Sarcocystis spp.?

A

sheep - S. tenella - fever, anorexia, decreased weight gain, anemia, weakness, loss of wool, myeloencephalitis w/ hindlind paresis or ataxia, abortion, death

98
Q

what is seen in swine with Sarcocystosis?

A

weight loss, dyspnea, muscle tremors, purpura, abortion

99
Q

how is Sarcocystosis diagnosed?

A

serological tests
ID schizonts, sarcocysts, and/or tissue cysts in post-mortem samples

100
Q

how is sarcocystosis treated in horses, ruminants & swine, cats & dogs?

A

horses - ponazuril, diclazuril, sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
ruminants & swine - therapeutic treatment ineffective
cats & dogs w/ neurologic disease - ponazuril, sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine, clindamycin

101
Q

How is Sarcocystosis prevented/controlled?

A

prevent dogs & other carnivores from eating raw meat, offal, or dead animals
prevent contamination of livestock feed w/ feces of dogs, cats, opossums
keep dogs/cats/opossums out of building used to house lifestock
trap & relocate opossums
prophylactic amprolium for cattle & sheep

Parasitology (17 decks)

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