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BI111 > W3 Ch.18 Definitions > Flashcards

W3 Ch.18 Definitions Flashcards

Definitions

1
Q

Speciation

A

The process of species formation

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2
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

The definition of species based on the ability of populations to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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3
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

A species is a group of organisms bound by a unique ancestry

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4
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

All individuals of a species share a measureable traits that distinguish them from individuals of other species

determining different species by observing appearance

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5
Q

Subspecies

A

Local variants of species
Interbreed but have different selective pressures

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6
Q

Cline

A

A pattern of smooth variation in a characteristic along a geographic gradient

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7
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

A

Prevent gene pools mixing

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8
Q

Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms

A

Occur before zygote

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9
Q

Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms

A

Occur after zygotic formation

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10
Q

Morphospecies Concept

A

Organisms are classified in the same species if they appear identical by morphological (anatomical) criteria

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11
Q

Ring Species

A

A species with a geographic distribution that forms a ring around uninhabitable terrain.

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12
Q

Five prezygotic barriers

A
  • ecological
  • temporal
  • behavioural
  • mechanical
  • gametic isolation
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13
Q

Ecological isolation

A

A prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanism in which species that live in the same geographic region occupy different habitats

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14
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

A prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanism in which species live in the same habitat but breed at different times of day or different times of year

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15
Q

Behavioural Isolation

A

A prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanism in which two species do not mate because of differences in courtship behaviour; also known as ethological isolation

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16
Q

Mechanical Isolation

A

A prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanism caused by differences in the structure of reproductive organs or other body parts

17
Q

Gametic Isolation

A

A prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanism caused by incompatibility between the sperm of one species and the eggs of another; may prevent fertilization

18
Q

Three postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A
  • hybrid inviability
  • hybrid sterility
  • hybrid breakdown
19
Q

Hybrid Inviability

A

A postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism in which a hybrid individual has a low probability of survival to reproductive age

20
Q

Hybrid Sterility

A

A postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism in which hybrid offspring cannot form functional gametes

21
Q

Hybrid Breakdown

A

A postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism in which a hybrids are capable of reproducing, but their offspring have either reduced fertility or reduced viability

Poor fitness in the second generation of mating

22
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

The evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms between two populations that are geographically separated

a species population becomes separated by a geographic barrier,

23
Q

Species Cluster

A

A group of closely related species recently descended from a common ancestor

24
Q

Secondary Contact

A

Contact after a period of geographical isolation

25
Q

Species Fusion

A

Merger of two populations into one after the establishment of secondary contact

26
Q

Hybrid Zones

A

A geographic area where the hybrid offspring of two divergent populations or species are common

27
Q

Reinforcement

A
  1. The enhancement of reproductive isolation that had begun to develop while populations were geographically separated
  2. Encouraging or establishing a pattern of behaviour using a positive or negative stimulus
28
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Speciation that occurs without the geographic isolation of populations

29
Q

Host Race

A

A population of insects that may be reproductively isolated from other populations of the same species as a consequence of their adaptation to feed on a specific host plant species

30
Q

Polyploidy

A

The condition of having one or more extra copies of the entire haploid complement of chromosomes

the heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes

31
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

The genetic condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes from the same parent species

32
Q

Unreduced gametes

A

A gamete that contains the same number of chromosomes as a somatic cell

33
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

The genetic condition of having two or more complete sets of chromosomes from different parent species

BI111 (14 decks)

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