2.1.1 cell structures

Question 1

describe the plasma membrane and where it is found

Answer 1

phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances in/out

found in all eukaryotic cells

Question 2

describe the cellulose cell wall and where it is found

Answer 2

a cell wall made of cellulose that provides strength and support

found in plant cells

Question 3

describe the peptidoglycan cell wall and where it is found

Answer 3

a cell wall made of peptidoglycan that provides rigidity

found in prokaryotic cells

Question 4

describe the nucleus and where it is found

Answer 4

organelle containing DNA which is surrounded by the nuclear envelope and contains a nucleolus that makes ribosomes

found in all eukaryotic cells (except erythrocytes)

Question 5

describe the mitochondria and where it is found

Answer 5

double bound by an envelope and containing cristae with matrix inside to act as the site of aerobic respiration

found in all eukaryotic cells

Question 6

describe the ribosome and where it is found

Answer 6

bound by a single membrane and contains digestive enzymes for protein synthesis

80s in eukaryotic cells
70s in prokaryotic cells

Question 7

describe the cytoplasm and where it is found

Answer 7

site of all chemical reactions

found in all cells

Question 8

describe the vacuole and where it is found

Answer 8

sac filled with water, nutrients and waste products to add rigidity

found in plant cells

Question 9

describe the chloroplast and where it is found

Answer 9

double membrane bound sacs containing stroma for photosynthesis

found in plant cells

Question 10

describe the golgi apparatus and where it is found

Answer 10

modifies and packages lipids and proteins into vesicles and produces lysosomes

found in all eukaryotic cells (except erythrocytes)

Question 11

describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and where it is found

Answer 11

produces and processes lipids

found in all eukaryotic cells (except erythrocytes)

Question 12

describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum and where it is found

Answer 12

covered in ribosomes and folds and processes proteins

found in all eukaryotic cells (except erythrocytes)

Question 13

describe the lysosome and where it is found

Answer 13

vesicles full of digestive enzymes bound by a single membrane

found in animal cells

Question 14

describe the centriole and where it is found

Answer 14

hollow ring of microtubules in a cylinder that is used in cell division

found in animal cells

Question 15

describe circular DNA and where it is found

Answer 15

contains genetic info

found in prokaryotic cells

Question 16

describe the mesosome and where it is found

Answer 16

folds in the cell wall that produces ATP

found in prokaryotic cells

Question 17

list some of the potential features of prokaryotic cells

Answer 17

flagellum
pili
plasmid
nucleoid
slime capsule

Question 18

what is magnification

Answer 18

degree to which the size of the image is larger than the size of the object

Question 19

what is resolution

Answer 19

degree to which you can distinguish between two very close points

Question 20

what is the equation for magnification

Answer 20

magnification = image size / actual size

Question 21

what is a light microscope

Answer 21

a microscope that uses light to produce an image

Question 22

what are the features of a light microscope

Answer 22

cheap
can view live specimens
requires staining

Question 23

what is an electron microscope

Answer 23

a microscope that uses electrons to source the image

Question 24

what are the features of all electron microscopes

Answer 24

expensive
can only view dead specimens
requires metal salts
high resolution

Question 25

what image does a transmission electron microscope produce

Answer 25

2D image of the inside of a cell

Question 26

what image does a scanning electron microscope produce

Answer 26

3D image of the outside surface of a cell

Question 27

what is the stain for DNA and what colour is it

Answer 27

acetic orcein
dark red

Question 28

what is the stain for the cytoplasm and what colour is it

Answer 28

eosin
pink

Question 29

what is the stain for lipids and what colour is it

Answer 29

sudan red
red

Question 30

what is the stain for starch and what colour is it

Answer 30

iodine
blue/black

Question 31

what is the stain for the nucleus and what colour is it

Answer 31

nile blue
blue

Question 32

what are the steps for gram staining gram positive bacteria

Answer 32

apply crystal violet stain
fix dye with iodine
it will appear blue due to thick peptidoglycan cell wall

Question 33

what are the steps for gram staining gram negative bacteria

Answer 33

apply crystal violet stain
fix dye with iodine
colour won’t change
wash off with alcohol
add safranin which stains it pink

Question 34

what are the functions of the cytoskeleton

Answer 34

allows movement of and around cells and maintains cell shape

Question 35

what are microfilaments

Answer 35

made of actin
cell movement and contraction

Question 36

what are microtubules

Answer 36

made of tubulin
determine cell shape

Question 37

what are vesicles

Answer 37

move along microtubules by using motor proteins

Question 38

describe the process of protein synthesis and secretion

Answer 38

DNA is converted into mRNA by transcription
mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores
mRNA is processed by the RER and attaches to a ribosome to become a protein by translation
it leaves the RER in a vesicle
it is modified in the golgi and leaves via another vesicle
it fuses with the plasma membrane and leaves via exocytosis