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LSCI 230: Microbiology > Taxonomy of Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Taxonomy of Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Endosymbiosis Theories

A
  • Eukaryotes began as a nucleus-bearing lineage that later acquired mitochondria & chloroplasts by endosymbiosis
  • Intracellular association between a H2-producing bacteria gave rise to mitochondria & an H2-consuming archaeal host. Nucleus was later developed
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2
Q

Amitochondriate eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes that lack a mitochondrion

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3
Q

Mitosomes

A
  • Reduced form of mitochondrion (no TCA or ETC)
  • Involved in the maturation of iron-sulfurclusters
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4
Q

Hydrogenosome

A
  • Present in eukaryotes whose metabolism is strictly fermentative
  • carries out the oxidation of pyruvate to H2 , CO2 and acetate
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5
Q

Cysts: Functions

A

Protect the cells against deleterious environmental conditions

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6
Q

Major clades of Eukaryia

A

6 major clades:
* Archaeplastida
* Rhizaria
* Chromalveolata
* Excavata
* Amoebozoa
* Opisthokonta

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7
Q

Are eukaryia phylogenetically closer to bacteria or archaea?

A

Archaea

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8
Q

Archaeplastida: Species

A
  • Red Algae (rhodophytes)
  • Green Algae (chlorophytes)
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9
Q

Rhodophytes: Characteristics

A
  • Mostly marine, some freshwater/terrestrial
  • Red color is from phycoerythrin
  • Mostly multicellular
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10
Q

Chlorophytes: Characteristics

A
  • Mostly freshwater, some marine/terrestrial
  • Unicellular (flagellated) or multicellular
  • Sexual & asexual reproduction
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11
Q

Excavata: General characteristics

A
  • Unicellular
  • Flagellated
  • Lacks chloroplasts
  • Live in anoxic habitats
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12
Q

Excavata: Species

A
  • Diplomonads
  • Parabasalids
  • Kinetoplastids
  • Euglenids
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13
Q

Diplomonads

A
  • Have 2 nuclei of equal size
  • Have mitosomes
  • Ex: Giardia (cause giardiasis)
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14
Q

Parabasalids

A
  • Contain a parabasal body
  • Have hydrogenosomes
  • Ex: Trichomonas (STD in humans)
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15
Q

Euglenoids

Characterised by? Species?

A
  • unicellular flagellated eukaryotes
  • Kinetoplastids & Euglenids
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16
Q

Kinetoplastids

A
  • Characterised by presence of kinetoplast
  • Ex: Trypanosoma
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17
Q

Trypanosoma brucei (Kinetoplastid)

Disease? Environment? Transmission?

A
  • Causes African sleeping sickness
  • Lives and grows in the bloodstream
  • Transmitted by the tsetse fly.
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18
Q

Kinetoplasts

A

A mass of DNA present in
their single, large mitochondrion

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19
Q

Euglenids

A
  • Nonpathogenic & phototrophic.
  • Contain chloroplasts, can exist as heterotrophs; will lose its chloroplast if incubated in the dark for a long time.
  • Can feed on bacteria by phagocytosis
20
Q

Chromalveolata: Species

A

Alveolata:
* Ciliates
* Dinoflagellates
* Apicomplexans

Stramenophiles:
* Oomycetes
* Golden algae
* Diatoms

21
Q

What are alveolates characterised by?

A

Characterized by the presence of alveoli (sacs underneath the cytoplasmic membrane) which help cells maintain osmotic balance
* In Paramecium: alveoli = contractile vacuole

22
Q

Ciliates

A
  • Cilia for motility and food
  • 2 nuclei (macronucleus & micronucleus)
23
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

2 (transverse & longitudinal) flagella with different insertion points on the cell

24
Q

Apicomplexans

A
  • Obligate parasites of animals
  • Contain apicoplasts
  • Ex: Plasmodium (malaria)
25
Q

Apicoplats

A

Degenerate chloroplasts that lack pigments & phototrophic capacity, but still carry many anabolic pathways

26
Q

Stramenophiles: General characteristics

A

All have flagella with many short hairlike extensions

27
Q

Oomycetes (water molds)

A
  • Filamentous growth & the presence of coenocytic hyphae
  • Cell walls are made of cellulose
28
Q

Golden algae (chrysophytes)

A

Chloroplasts are dominated by fucoxanthin which gives it its golden-brown colour

29
Q

Diatoms

A

Characteriste by frustules (cell walls made of silica)

30
Q

Frustules

Diatoms

A

Cell walls made of silica with proteins & polysaccharides attached to it

31
Q

Rhizaria

A

Distinguished by their threadlike pseudopodia

32
Q

Foraminifera

A

Form shell-like structures called tests made from OM reinforced with calcium carbonate

33
Q

Radiolarians

A
  • Tests are made of silica
  • Name derived from radial symmetry of tests
34
Q

Amoebozoa

A

Use pseudopodia for movement & feeding

35
Q

Gymnamoebas

A
  • Unicellular
  • Free-living in soil & aquatic environments
36
Q

Entamoebas

A
  • Unicellular
  • Parasites of vertebrates and invertebrates
37
Q

Slime Mold: Types

A
  • Plasmodial slime molds
  • Cellular slime molds
38
Q

Plasmodial slime molds

A
  • Masses of protoplasm of indefinite size & shape that contain multiple nuclei (vegetative form)
  • Sporangium forms containing haploid spores
  • Spores germinate, yielding a swarmer cell
  • Fusion of 2 swarmer cells regenerates the diploid plasmodium
39
Q

Cellular slime molds

Life cycle?

A
  • Single amoebae (haploid) (vegetative form)
  • Aggregate as a pseudoplasmodium
  • Fruiting body is formed, cells differentiate into spores
  • Form diploid macrocysts
  • Macrocysts undergo meiosis to form new amoebae (haploid)
40
Q

Opisthokonta: Fungi

A
  • Most fungi are multicellular
  • Cell walls are made of chitin
  • Extracellular digestion
41
Q

Coenocytic

A

Cytoplasm and nuclei are not subdivided into cells (multinucleated)

42
Q

Septate

A

Nuclei are separated by cross wall

43
Q

Ectomycorrhizae

A

Form a sheath around the plant root but does not penetrate it

44
Q

Endomycorrhizae

A

The fungal hyphae is embedded in the plant root

45
Q

Haustoria

A

Specialized fungal hyphae that penetrate plant cells & consume the cytoplasm

46
Q

Mycoses

A

Human diseases caused by a fungus

47
Q

Fungi: Reproduction

A

Asexual (most common):
* Growth and spread of hyphal filaments
* Asexual production of spores called conidia
* Simple cell division (budding)

Sexual:
* Fusion of 2 haploid cells to form diploid cell
* Diploid cell undergos meiosis to produce haploid spores
* Spores are resistant to drying, heating, freezing, chemicals

LSCI 230: Microbiology (14 decks)

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