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GCSE Geography > Paper 2 - Urbanisation: London > Flashcards

Paper 2 - Urbanisation: London Flashcards

1
Q

urbanisation

A

an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas

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2
Q

urbanised

A

countries have over 50% of the population living in urban areas

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3
Q

megacity

A

city with a population over 10mill

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4
Q

natural change

A

difference between birth rate and death rate

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5
Q

migration

A

movement of people from one place to another
-to work/live

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6
Q

immigration

A

into a country from another country

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7
Q

Domestic migration

A

from one area of a country to another

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8
Q

economic migrant

A

moves to seek work

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9
Q

refugee

A

flees for war or persecution

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10
Q

urban sprawl

A

spread of urban areas into rural

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11
Q

brownfield site

A

area of land previously used/built on
- must be decontaminated before built on

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12
Q

greenfield site

A

has never been built on

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13
Q

urban greening

A

process of increasing and preserving open space like parks
in urban areas

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14
Q

Push factors to leave rural

A
  • main work is poorly paid (farming/factory)
  • fewer services
  • lack of infrastructure
  • less access to running water/electricity
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15
Q

Pull factors into urban

A

-more nearby services
- more entertainment
- higher paid jobs
- previous movement of friends

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16
Q

London’s social importance

A
  • top unis
  • attract international and national students
  • research facilities
  • home to UK’s media companies = more entertainment
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17
Q

London’s cultural importance

A
  • attract youth
  • shoreditch night life
  • tourism = landmarks
  • reinvestment to maintain toursim
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18
Q

London’s tourism figures

A

40 mil international tourists
12 mil national 2019

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19
Q

London’s economic importance

A
  • largest stock market
  • jobs in finance/IT = 25% of GDP
  • HQ for international businesses
  • european HQ trade w/o tax = more trade
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20
Q

London’s work force figure

A

85% in tertiary or quaternary

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21
Q

growth

A

increase in population size and impacts

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22
Q

character

A

refers to culture of an area

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23
Q

Impacts of international migration: growth of london negatives

A
  • pressure on services
  • oversubscribed schools
  • shortage of housing = higher prices
  • rogue landlords - unsuitable living
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24
Q

Impacts of international migration: growth of london positives

A
  • bridge skills gap
  • more employees
  • high paid jobs = more tax
  • net gain of London’s economy
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25
Q

positive impacts of international migration: character of london

A

-large cultural mix
- encourages tolernace in schools
- restaurants
- inclusive safer community

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26
Q

Impacts of international migration: growth of london negative

A

ethnic segregation
- racism

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27
Q

Bridge skill gap figures

A
  • 28% of GPs qualified outside of UK
  • 65% of eu migrants arrive with degrees
28
Q

gentrification

A

when welathier ppl move into a low income area
-imporve housing as more tax is paid
-lower income inhabitants are displaced

29
Q

Shoreditch before gentrification

A

-heavily bombed after WWII
- hub for secondary texties
- working industries + working class
- low cost housing
- young ppl moved in = high demand
- high rent

30
Q

shoreditch after gentrification

A

young profs
= improves services
- attracts businesses
- more leisure activities
- refurbished buildings

31
Q

Positive impacts for Domestic migration

A
  • more tax = more services
  • better infrastructure
  • creates jobs = attracts businesses
  • higher demand for housing = nicer flats
32
Q

Negative impacts for Domestic migration

A

-displacement
- creates local tension
- fewer cheap goods sold
- rents are higher
- older gen lack qualifications to access tech sector

33
Q

integrated transport system

A
  • involves combining diff modes of transport
    -maximise ease and efficiency and cost
34
Q

Elizabeth line

A
35
Q

pros of Elizabeth line

A

-reduces journey times = 90mph
- increased capacity and frequent
- raise property values as close to station
- brings more ppl to london for work
-further regeneration
-improves access for disabled

36
Q

pros of green spaces

A
  • trees absorb PM and co2
  • reduce risk off floods
  • habitat for wildlife
  • leisure
  • grow their own food
37
Q

Queen Elizabeth park - urban greening

A

-13 000 trees
- wildflowers boom and attract insects (food webs)
- rivers cleaned = tourism see fish
- flood management strategy
- leisure

38
Q

Queen Elizabeth park - urban greening limitations

A
  • traffic congestion
  • may be built on
  • pressure to develop industry there
39
Q

Kensington + Chelsea and Newham: Housing

A
  • K+C have higher value homes
  • attracts higher income residents = more lavish
    -Newham = terraced derelect flats
  • rent is higher in K+C
    -ownership is equal
40
Q

Kensington + Chelsea and Newham: Housing - reasons for differences

A

-more tax paid to council so more investment
- overcrowding
- poor quality = illness

41
Q

Kensington + Chelsea and Newham: Health

A
  • life expectancy is much lower in newham
  • due to obesity, lack of exercise
    -longer working hrs and less pay in newham so fast food is eaten (364 compared to 100 shops)
    -air quality is poor
    -private healthcare
42
Q

Kensington + Chelsea and Newham: Health impacts

A
  • childhood obesity
  • more open spaces = better air quality + more space for exercise
43
Q

Kensington + Chelsea and Newham: Education

A

-more private schools
-better grades in K+C
-smaller class sizes
-better funding for trips and resources

44
Q

Causes of housing crisis

A

-unaffordable
-high demand

45
Q

pros of urban sprawl waltham abbey

A
  • houses will be built on environmentally poor land - protects biodiversity
  • higher quality of life = less noise pollution
    -reduces age segregation
  • more tax from young profs
46
Q

cons of urban sprawl

A
  • higher house prices
  • ancient woodland cleared for new housing
  • driving = more air pollution
  • commuter = more congestion
    -newer builds are less attractive
47
Q

Derelict sites

A
  • caused by deindustrialisation
  • contaminated with heavy metals/chemicals
  • plants can’t grow = fewer consumers
    -decline in biodiversity
48
Q

Air pollution

A

-nitrogen dioxide from cars
- tall builds trap pollutants
- post brexit less pressure to reduce emissions
- smog + acid rain
- endangers aquatic life
-PM = premature deaths

49
Q

waste disposal

A

-large amounts of domestic/industrial waste
- not recycled
- landfill site increase
- plastics release toxins = contamination yrs to recover
- rubbish is burnt
= co2

50
Q

Why was Stratford in need of regeneration

A
  • factories into brownfield sites
  • highest unemloyment
  • poor housing
  • river lea = polluted
  • fly tipping
51
Q

Stratford regeneration project: housing

A
  • 500 homes demolished
  • athletes’ village into housing
  • 2800 homes created
  • 8000 homes planned
  • half are private half for affordable housing
  • rents are higher due to gentrification
52
Q

Stratford regeneration project: Services/leisure

A
  • olympic park = playground
  • stadium = football clubs
  • UCL campus
  • train station links
53
Q

Stratford regeneration project: employment

A
  • new local businesses
  • 35 small ones
  • retail jobs for low skilled workers
  • East media centre = more higher paid jobs
  • tech jobs
54
Q

Stratford regeneration project: environment

A
  • 10 hectares of open space
  • nature trails
  • toxic wasteland decontaminated
  • £9 bn on decontaminating brownfield
  • 250 species of insects
    -60 species of bird
    -13 000 trees
55
Q

Stratford regeneration project: cons housing

A
  • 500 homes demolished
  • estate protested
  • higher prices forces locals out
56
Q

Stratford regeneration project: cons socially

A
  • allotments = good community spirit
  • destroyed
57
Q

Stratford regeneration project: cons employment

A
  • local businesses forced out
  • 5000 jobs lost
  • ## unemployment or low skilled workers
58
Q

sustainable urban living

A
  • minimal damage to environment
  • secure employment
  • strong community
59
Q

Factors of a sustainable community - East village

A
  • range of services
  • mixture of homes to buy and rented
  • communal spaces
  • close transport links
  • green roofs
    -energy efficient homes
60
Q

Santander cycle scheme - social

A

-lower levels of obesity
- reliable transport
- more ppl on st makes it safer
- daily exercise
- better mental health
-reduces sick leave
-improved access to services

61
Q

Santander cycle scheme - economic

A
  • boosts tourism
  • for every £1 spent on cycling, £4 on local economy
62
Q

Santander cycle scheme - environmental

A
  • reduced co2
    -reduces air pollution
63
Q

Santander cycle scheme - limitation

A

safety on rd
-weather
-accidents

64
Q

ULEZ

A

policy designed to reduce congestion and air pollution in London

65
Q

ULEZ pros

A
  • money raised is invested in transport
  • some ppl are exempt (disabled)
  • NO2 levels reduced
    -cleaner vehicles used
  • PM has decreased
66
Q

ULEZ cons

A
  • low income ppl own older cars which don’t meet requirements
  • impacts have been exaggerated
  • smaller companies have less customer
  • cameras have been vandalised

GCSE Geography (24 decks)

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