Europe

Question 1

north Atlantic drift

Answer 1

a continuation of the Gulf Stream across the Atlantic Ocean and along the coast of northwestern Europe, where it has a significant warming effect on the climate.

Question 2

monastery

Answer 2

a building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows.

Question 3

Charlemagne

Answer 3

king of the Franks 768–814 and Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles I) 800–814; Latin name Carolus Magnus; known as Charles the Great. As the first Holy Roman emperor, Charlemagne promoted the arts and education, and his court became the cultural center of the Carolingian Renaissance.

Question 4

holy roman empire

Answer 4

the empire set up in western Europe following the coronation of Charlemagne as emperor in the year 800. It was created by the medieval papacy in an attempt to unite Christendom under one rule. At times the territory of the empire was extensive and included Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and parts of Italy and the Netherlands.

Question 5

feudalism

Answer 5

e dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord’s land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Question 6

manorialism

Answer 6

The meaning of MANORIALISM is a system of economic, social, and political organization based on the medieval manor in which a lord enjoyed a variety of rights over land and tenants.

Question 7

the battle of hastings

Answer 7

a decisive battle that took place in 1066 just north of the town of Hastings, East Sussex. William the Conqueror defeated the forces of the Anglo-Saxon king Harold II; Harold died in the battle, leaving the way open for the Norman Conquest of England.

Question 8

William the conqueror

Answer 8

William the Conqueror was the Duke of Normandy who led the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. He defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings and was crowned King William I of England on Christmas Day 1066. He is known for establishing Normandy as a powerful force in France and securing his realm in England after several battles.

Question 9

papacy

Answer 9

the office or authority of the Pope

Question 10

monarch

Answer 10

a person who reigns over a kingdom or empire: such as
a sovereign ruler

Question 11

magna carta

Answer 11

e Magna Carta (“Great Charter”) is a document guaranteeing English political liberties that was drafted at Runnymede, a meadow by the river Thames, and signed by King John on June 15, 1215, under pressure from his rebellious barons. By declaring the sovereign to be subject to the rule of law and documenting the liberties held by “free men,” it provided the foundation for individual rights in Anglo-American jurisprudence.

Question 12

the crusades

Answer 12

each of a series of medieval military expeditions made by Europeans to the Holy Land in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries

Question 13

pope urban the second

Answer 13

Urban II (born c. 1035, Châtillon-sur-Marne, or Lagery, or Lagny, Champagne, France—died July 29, 1099, Rome [Italy]) head of the Roman Catholic Church (1088–99) who developed ecclesiastical reforms begun by Pope Gregory VII, launched the Crusade movement, and strengthened the papacy as a political entity.

Question 14

Saladin

Answer 14

sultan of Egypt and Syria 1174–93; Arabic name Salah-ad-Din Yusuf ibn-Ayyub. He reconquered Jerusalem from the Christians in 1187, but he was defeated by Richard the Lionheart at Arsuf in 1191

Question 15

Richard II

Answer 15

Richard II, also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. He was the son of Edward, Prince of Wales, and Joan, Countess of Kent.

Question 16

the black plague

Answer 16

The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353. One of the most fatal pandemics in human history, as many as 50 million people perished

Question 17

the hundreds year war

Answer 17

a war between France and England, conventionally dated 1337–1453

Question 18

Joan of arc

Answer 18

St. Joan of Arc (born c. 1412, Domrémy, Bar, France—died May 30, 1431, Rouen; canonized May 16, 1920; feast day May 30; French national holiday, second Sunday in May) national heroine of France, a peasant girl who, believing that she was acting under divine guidance, led the French army in a momentous victory at Orléans that repulsed an English attempt to conquer France during the Hundred Years’ War.

Question 19

henry v

Answer 19

Henry V, also called Henry of Monmouth, was King of England from 1413 until his death in 1422. Despite his relatively short reign, Henry’s outstanding military successes in the Hundred Years’ War against France made England one of the strongest military powers in Europe. Immortalized in Shakespeare’s “Henriad” plays, Henry is known and celebrated as one of the greatest warrior-kings of medieval England.

Question 20

reconquista

Answer 20

Reconquista, in medieval Spain and Portugal, a series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Muslims (Moors), who had occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century.

Question 21

queen Isabella

Answer 21

Reconquista, in medieval Spain and Portugal, a series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Muslims (Moors), who had occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century.

Question 22

king Ferdinand

Answer 22

King Ferdinand was the king of Castile and Aragon who ruled jointly with his wife Isabella1. His marriage to Isabella I in 1469 marked the beginning of the modern state of Spain and their capture of Granada from the Moors in 1492 united Spain as one country1. They instituted the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 and supported the expedition of Christopher Columbus in 14921. Ferdinand is considered the de facto first king of Spain

Question 23

inquisition

Answer 23

an ecclesiastical tribunal established by Pope Gregory IX c.1232 for the suppression of heresy. It was active chiefly in northern Italy and southern France, becoming notorious for the use of torture. In 1542 the papal Inquisition was re-established to combat Protestantism, eventually becoming an organ of papal government.

Question 24

Iberian Peninsula

Answer 24

the extreme southwestern peninsula of Europe, containing present-day Spain and Portugal. It was colonized by Carthage until the third Punic War (149–146 BC), after which it came increasingly under Roman influence. It was invaded by the Visigoths in the 4th–5th centuries AD and by the Moors in the 8th century.