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a&p > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

outgoing signal -> physiological response in another cell

A

cell-cell communication

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2
Q

conversion of an impulse or stimulus from one physical or chemical form to another

A

signal transduction

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3
Q

signal binds receptor proteins, initiating a

A

physiological response

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4
Q

general principles of cell signaling

A

signals can act over a long or short range

a limited set a extracellular signals can produce a huge variety of cell behaviors

a cell’s response to a signal can be fast or slow

cell-surface receptors relay extracellular signals via intracellular signaling pathways

signals integrate -> physiological response

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5
Q

endocrine

A

hormones travel long distances to other parts of the body
insulin

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6
Q

travel short distances
growth factors

A

paracrine

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7
Q

neuronal

A

released by a nerve cell > stimulate a target cell
acetylcholine

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8
Q

contact dependent

A

direct cell-cell contact
antigen presentation

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9
Q

secrete products through ducts

onto epithelial surfaces (skin digestive tract)

extracellular effects (digestion of food)

mixed glands (liver, pancreas)

A

exocrine glands

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10
Q

no ducts

high density of capillaries (fenestrated)

secretions into bloodstream (internal secretions)

bind target cells

intracellular effects (alter metabolism)

A

endocrine glands

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11
Q

hybrid b/t neuron and endocrine cell

A

neuroendocrine cells

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12
Q

glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

A

endocrine system

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13
Q

the study of this system and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders

A

endocrinology

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14
Q

organs that are sources hormones

A

endocrine glands

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15
Q

no master endocrine control center

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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16
Q

wide range of control

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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17
Q

hunger and thirst
temperature homeostasis
sex drive
childbirth
stress response

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

connected to hypothalamus (infundibulum)

A

pituitary gland

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19
Q

no neural connection to hypothalamus

capillaries (hypophyseal portal system)

A

anterior pituitary

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20
Q

hypothalamus hormones are brought to –>

A

anterior pituitary via bloodstream and regulate pituitary hormone secretion

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21
Q

nervous tissue; not a true gland

A

posterior pituitary

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22
Q

produce hormones
travel to post. pituitary
axons
stored in nerve endings

A

neuroendocrine cells of hypothalamus

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23
Q

6 hormones regulate
2 stored in

A

anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary

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24
Q

anterior associations:

A

releasing hormones
inhibiting hormones

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25
Q

names carry information for hormones

A

somatostatin (growth hormone)

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26
Q

promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL)

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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27
Q

promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH)

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28
Q

promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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29
Q

promotes secretion of growth hormone (GH)

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

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30
Q

inhibits secretion of prolactin (PRL)

A

prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

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31
Q

inhibits secretion of growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

somatostatin

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32
Q

stimulated by: GnRH
target: ovaries and testes
follicle development
sperm production

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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33
Q

stimulated by: GnRH
target: ovaries and testes
ovulation -> corpus luteum
corpus luteum -> secretes progesterone
testes -> secret testosterone

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

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34
Q

stimulated by: TRH
target: thyroid gland
thyroid gland growth
secretion of thyroid hormone (TH)

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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35
Q

stimulated by CRH
target: adrenal gland (cortex)
increases release of gluccorticoids
regulates glucose, protein, fat metabolism
stress response

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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36
Q

stimulated by: TRH
target: mammary glands
stimulates milk production

A

prolactin (PRL)

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37
Q

stimulated by GHRH
target: tissues throughout the body
promotes mitosis -> growth

A

growth hormone (GH)

38
Q

target kidneys
concentrates urine
conserves water, prevents dehydration

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

39
Q

target: reproductive tissues, brain issue
contractions, milk ejection, maternal behavior
semen movement through tracts
bonding

A

oxytocin (OT)

40
Q

example of anterior pituitary function

A

stress:
ant. pituitary releases ACTH
cortisol released by adrenal gland
materials needed for repair sent to tissues

41
Q

example of posterior pituitary function

A

dehydration:
blood-water concentration detected by hypothalamus receptors
ADH released from Post pit
kidneys reabsorb water

42
Q

hormones are ____________ at a constant rate

A

not produced

43
Q

what controls posterior pituitary gland

A

neuroendocrine reflexes

44
Q

only function - endocrine

brain monitors BMR
(controls BMR by releasing TRH from hypothalamus; negative feedback loop)

A

thyroid gland

45
Q

secrete thyroid hormone (TH) TRH->TSH-> TH

regulates basal metabolic rate (BMR)
TH increases BMR

A

follicular cells

46
Q

TH precursors + iodine

A

colloid

47
Q

secretes calcitonin (increases bone formation)

A

parafollicular cells

48
Q

four glands, behind thyroid

A

parathyroid

49
Q

what does parathyroid do

A

when blood calcium levels too low; stimulates osteoclasts; calcium reabsorption into blood

50
Q

what does parathyroid glands monitor

A

blood

51
Q

on top of kidneys

A

adrenal glands

52
Q

inner most region

A

adrenal medulla

53
Q

outer most region
majority of the gland

A

adrenal cortex

54
Q

endocrine gland and ganglion of SNS

neuroendocrine cells

nerve fibers stimulated (fear, pain, stress)

A

adrenal medulla

55
Q

three hormones secreted in adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

56
Q

produces 25 steroid hormones (corticoids); made from cholesterol

A

adrenal cortex

57
Q

regulate electrolytes

A

mineralocorticoids

58
Q

regulate metabolism of glucose ; cortisol

A

glucocorticoids

59
Q

reproductive functions

A

sex steroids

60
Q

secrete glucagon
between meals blood glucose drops

A

alpha cells in pancreas

61
Q

secrete insulin
after meals high blood glucose
stimulates cells to absorb glucose, FAs and AA

A

beta cells

62
Q

secrete somatostatin
limit stomach acid secretion

A

delta cells

63
Q

both endocrine and exocrine functions ; mostly steroid hormones

A

gonads

64
Q

hormones from ovaries

A

estradiol
progesterone
regulate menstrual cycle, development, sustain pregnancy

65
Q

hormones from testes

A

testosterone
development, sex drive/instinct

66
Q

made from cholesterol; sex steroids (progesterone, testosterone); corticosteroids (cortisol)

A

steroids

67
Q

made from amino acids
dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin, TH

A

monoamines

68
Q

3 - 200+ amino acids
releasing and inhibiting hormones of hypothalamus
most pituitary hormones
insulin

A

peptides

69
Q

differ on functional group added to steroid backbone

ovaries, testes, adrenal gland

A

steroids

70
Q

tryptophan -> melatonin
tyrosine -> TH

A

monoamines

71
Q

produced like other proteins

transcription -> translation -> folding and modification

A

peptides

72
Q

hormones aren’t

A

constantly secreted

daily (circadian) rhythm, monthly rhythm, or stimuli

73
Q

nerve fibers stimulate release of hormones (sympathetic system)

epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla

childbirth stimulate neurons in hypothalamus (release oxytocin)

A

neural stimuli

74
Q

tropic effect
TSH-> TH

A

hormonal stimuli

75
Q

blood-borne stimuli
pressure, calcium, water

A

humoral stimuli

76
Q

travel through blood

A

aqueous (water-based)

77
Q

usually, hydrophilic -> mix easily

A

monoamines and peptides

78
Q

hydrophobic
must travel with help
transport proteins: albumin and globulins from the liver; prolong half-life

A

steroids and TH

79
Q

receptors: proteins or glycoproteins

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, or in the nucleus

lack of receptors -> diseases

A

stimulate specific cells (target cells)

80
Q

peptides and other monoamines ->

A

second messenger pathwat

81
Q

steroids and TH _>

A

gene activation

82
Q

hydrophobic

can diffuse through membrane

most pass straight into nucleus

TH requires active transport (receptor in nucleus)
regulates genes for NaK pump

Gene activation (lag time due to transcription and translation)

A

steroids and TH

83
Q

can’t pass through membrane (hydrophilic)

cell surface receptors (second messenger system)

modifying what already exist -> relatively quick

A

peptides

84
Q
  1. receptor activate G protein
  2. G protein activates phospholipase
  3. Phospholipase cuts a phospholipid into pieces
A

DAG and IP3

85
Q

hypersecretion of GH in children

A

Gigantism

86
Q

hyposecretion of GH
rare, due to GH treatment

A

dwarfism

87
Q

hypersecretion of GH in adulthood
thick bones and tissues

A

acromegaly

88
Q

lack of dietary iodine
no iodine = no TH made
no TH = nothing to stop the production of TSH
more TSH = more thyroglobulin (Tg)
more Tg = larger follicles, neck swelling

A

goiter

89
Q

too much cortisol secreted
ACTH hypersecretion (long-term glucocorticoid use; pituitary tumors; adrenal cortex tumors)

disrupts metabolism
hyperglycemia (diabetes)
high blood pressure

protein metabolism -> muscle and bone loss

abnormal fat deposition

weight gain, weakness

A

cushing syndrome and disease

90
Q

hyposecretion or inaction of insulin

thirsty: polydipsia
hungry: polyphagia
large urine volumes: polyuria

hyperglycemia
glycosuria
high levels of ketones

A

diabetes

91
Q

very low insulin production (5-10% of cases in united states)

A

diabetes type 1

92
Q

resistance to insulin

A

type 2 diabetes

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