HIS112 - FINAL Flashcards
Yersinia Pestis
This is the bacteria that caused the black death in the 14th century. It is a single cell organism and lives outside animal bodies (such as water etc…) it is an infectious material that moves from person to person
It caused one of the most devastating epidemics in history - it spread all throughout eurasia, weakened eurasian societies, and killed many with no cure. (death sentence)
Humoral Theory
Based on the idea that human health was governed by 4 bodily fluids. Qualities or substances - (Blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile) - each of these represent a different thing: Sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, and choleric - was said to maintain health balance in the body and any imbalance would result in disease or disorder. (associated with one of the 4 elements (Air, Water, Earth, Fire).
400-300 ish BCE
Germ Theory
Prior to germ theory there was the Miasma theory, basically said that diseases began due to “bad air” (mist, smoke etc..) this was the standard vision into the 19th century.. Eventually the “bad air” was questioned by the germ theory saying that many diseases come from microorganisms - this is what defines bacteria/viruses…
Why important?
John Snow
He was a London Doctor who identified the transmission of cholera - in 1855 he began investigating what was going on with cholera - he looked at where the facilities associated with cholera were, but noticed it was not spread around the city; only in two areas. (two water pumps) so he placed the transmission of cholera to these two water pumps - basically we know there is something going on with water and cholera.
Robert Koch
Robert Kock (1843-1910) - He was the first person to identify the specific things that cause Anthrax Bacillus (1876) and Tuberculosis Bacillus. (1882)
This was important because it provided evidence that supported the germ theory
Quarantine
One of the main methods used to prevent the spread of diseases or viruses - Before the development of the smallpox vaccine, quarantine was one of the primary strategies used to prevent the spread of this devastating illness in the 17th and 18th century. a method of containing disease by isolating potentially infected individuals or communities
Variolation
At some point a practice that is now known as Variolation was developed At some point a practice that is now known as Variolation was developed (different theories about when it happened) but it was definitely in india by the 15th century A way of inducing immunity - getting to that point where you have survived. The thing about smallpox, is once you have it you wont get it again so using matter from a smallpox scab or sore to force infection.
(buy the pus or scab off of other people and would do different things with it.)
(punch holes with needles and smear the scab onto that)
(blow scab dust into someone’s nose) The idea is - you get smallpox (it’s a more generalized infection instead of just getting it all over the body) - was a more mild version.
It was reliable - few cases of people dying from this.
Come to europe via britain - and then to Boston
Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner developed the first successful vaccine which was for smallpox. Using cowpox which was a less severe version of smallpox. He demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox gave people immunity to smallpox. This occurred in England in 1796, he inoculated James Phipps (servants 8 year old son) - the son got a little sick, but got better - took the kid and exposed him to smallpox a bunch of times and the kid was fine.
Edward Jenner’s development of the smallpox vaccine is important because it was the first successful vaccine that proved diseases could be prevented by immunization. His work paved the way for modern vaccines - smallpox was one of the 10 events that changed the world and without it happening jenner wouldn’t have been able to create the vaccine.
Vaccination
Medical procedures that protect against disease by enabling the immune system to build resistance to specific infections
administering a vaccine, usually through injection, which contains an antigen that resembles a disease-causing organism but does not cause disease itself.
popularized by Edward Jenner in 1796 with the introduction of the smallpox vaccine began in England
important because it has proven to be one of the most effective ways to prevent infectious diseases.
Francisco Javier Balmis
In 1803 there was a Spanish vaccination expedition to Spanish colonies in the Americas and Asia - The vaccine needed to be kept viable over long voyages without modern refrigeration, so he got 22 orphan boys as live carriers of the vaccine. The method involved vaccinating one child with cowpox, and once the vaccination site generated pus (indicative of an active vaccine), material from this site was used to vaccinate the next child in the sequence, and so forth - The expedition also involved enslaved people - first international public health mission - showed that vaccines could be transported over long distances and remain effective
International Sanitary Conferences
international meetings aimed at coordinating public health measures to control and prevent the spread of epidemic diseases, particularly cholera, yellow fever, and plague
held in various European cities, held in several decades - 1851, 59, 66, 74, 81, 85
they discussed topics, including quarantine measures, the establishment of international health regulations, and the improvement of sanitary conditions to prevent disease outbreaks - motivation for these conferences was the recurrent outbreaks of cholera and other infectious diseases They led to the creation of the International Sanitary Regulations,
World Health Organization
Established by united nations in 1948 works worldwide to make people healthier. Its main jobs include keeping track of diseases, setting health rules, offering advice on health policies, helping countries with health-related issues, and keeping an eye on health trends globally
played and continues to play a crucial role in eradicating diseases (like smallpox), responding to global health emergencies (like the COVID-19 pandemic), and improving the health and well-being of people all around the world
Treaty of Tordesillas
Signed on June 7, 1494, was a agreement between Spain and Portugal, crafted to resolve disputes over territories discovered during the late 15th century by Christopher Columbus an agreement that divided the non-European world between Spain and Portugal, allowing each country exclusive rights to claim and colonize territories within their designated areas. signed in the small town of Tordesillas showed how European countries liked to divide up and control lands without caring about the people living there
Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
In 1551 - referred to as the Muscovy Company, was one of the earliest English joint-stock companies formed to explore, establish, and exploit new trading routes and markets English merchants trading with Russia.
in response to the growing competition in maritime trade and exploration from other European nations. England wanted to find new trading routes and markets to make its own economic and maritime presence. marked the beginning of England’s organized efforts to establish and dominate new trade routes and markets
Muscovy Company
initially focused on exploring and establishing trade routes primarily in northern Europe and Russia. Over time, as the company solidified its trading activities and established specific routes, particularly into Russia,
(British) East India Company
English company established to pursue trade with the East Indies but ended up trading mainly with the Indian and southeast asia - 1600’s Spices were the first big drives introducing goods like tea, cotton, and silk to Britain, significantly impacting the British economy 1700’s the british east india company was involved in the slave trade in the indian ocean - Leads to an enormous amount of wealth , and It had its own military force leads to massive uprising later
Dutch East India Company
1587 european priests were expelled from japan and then in 1613 a ban on christianity was established. 1634 overseas travel was banned and the Portuguese were expelled as well. But the dutch remain, but only in a very specifically controlled area known as dejima (center of dutch trade) - only this space is allowed to have trade with europeans. Company that was given a monopoly over Dutch trade in Asia operated ships, traded goods, and even administered territories, acting both as a commercial enterprise and as a governmental authority in regions where it held power.
Jamestown
Established by the Virginia Company of London, a joint-stock company that sought to expand English trade and obtain valuable natural resources from the Americas. Group consisted about 105 colonists it was established in 1607
development of the tobacco economy in Virginia, which would drive the colony’s prosperity and enhance English interest in North American colonies.
In 1619, a ship arrived in Virginia with enslaved peoples onboard. These individuals were traded to the colonists, marking the beginning of a formalized system of slavery in what would become the United States. Because of the growing tobacco production.
Saint-Domingue
Today it is known as Haiti but then was known as st. Domingue before they got their independence from the French, in the caribbean. Richest part of the European empire at the end of the 17th century. 1660 - French show up and they start settling (some are pirates) (formally recognized in 1697.
Saint - produces around half the world’s supply of sugar and coffee. It does this at the expense of agriculture that can sustain a population. Sustainable crops were brought in from other places.
The population at the time was a mixed population Sugar plantations were entirely owned by people of european dissent economy was heavily reliant on enslaved peoples
Later leading to a rebellion. - was the first successful slave rebellion in modern history.
free people of color
(former enslaved people who gained their freedom) and or mixed race In St. Domingue around 1789 there were equal numbers of free people of color and the middle class.Restrictions are then placed on free people of color By 1789 - they owned about a 3rd of the plantation property in Saint Domingue. 1770’s there are no longer permitted to travel back to france, Cannot takes names related to former masters,Other rules that made them distinct from their european counterparts.
Code Noir
1685 Laid out assorted rules for how slave owners are supposed to maintain and treat slaves. Give food, Clothing, Medical care
(bans torture, but doesnt really specify.) (corporal punishment are allowed)
Despite protective measures, the Code Noir primarily served to reinforce the brutal system of slavery in the French colonies.
Estates General
an assembly that included representatives from the three estates of French society: the First Estate (clergy), the Second Estate (nobility), and the Third Estate (commoners). It was called upon by the king to discuss and advise on matters of state
irregularly called meetings of representatives of the clergy, notability and everyone else
There is more concern on the part of the third estate ( the everyone else category) they are carrying everyone else on their back in 1789 the meeting did not go well - Third estate - stormed out and created the national assembly (and say that we are the ones that should be dominant.) They are the ones that make the society and the culture This is important because this is what really is the start of the french revolution.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
August 1789 document of the French Revolution that outlines a series of individual and collective rights for all men- outline basic rules that would help rebuild France into a fairer and more just society.one of the first documents to suggest that individual rights are universal they belong to every person
