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Geography AQA > Changing economic world - United Kingdom > Flashcards

Changing economic world - United Kingdom Flashcards

1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The increasing interconnections and interdependence between nations due to trade agreements and faster transport.

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2
Q

What is Deindustrialisation?

A

It’s the decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets etc.

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3
Q

What is meant by the term ‘Government Policy’?

A

It’s the plan or course of action needed by a government to manage issues in a country

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4
Q

What type of economy is the UK?

A

A post-industrial economy.

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5
Q

How has the UK economy changed over time?

A

Changed from dominantly primary and secondary sector jobs to an increase in tertiary and quaternary sector jobs.

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6
Q

What are the main causes of Deindustrialisation?

A

-Increasing cost of production
-Globalisation - competition from NEEs
-Declining investment
-Changing government policies
-Education leading to tertiary sector jobs

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7
Q

What is an example of deindustrialisation in the UK?

A

In cornwall, mining is a part of it’s heritage (clay, copper)

-Cambourne now deprived, urban decay occurring and people now heavily reliant on food banks.

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8
Q

What industries were popular before deindustrialisation?

A

-Shipbuilding, Iron and steel production, coal mining, chemical works

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9
Q

What is a post industrial economy?

A

An economy where most employment is now in service industries.

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10
Q

What is the UK’s economy now mostly based on?

A

-Finance, IT
-Service industries
-Research Parks

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11
Q

How are industries in the P-I economy footloose?

A

-They are easy to set up anywhere, connected to urban areas.

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12
Q

Why are P-I businesses close to major transport routes?

A

-To make the industry more connected, less time travelling for employees and lower costs.

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13
Q

Where are the majority of the Uk’s major science parks?

A

On the rural Urban fringe

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14
Q

Why are most of the Uk’s major science parks located where they are?

A

-There’s a large space for research
-There are motorways or integrated transport systems from nearby urban areas

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15
Q

What is meant by the term ‘growth corridor’?

A

-An area of the country where the economy is growing often along a major transport route linking two or more cities.

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16
Q

What characteristics must an area have to be considered a growth corridor?

A

-It must have good transport connections, including road, rail and air.

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17
Q

Name one important growth corridor

A

The M4

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18
Q

Example of a UK science park?

A

Cambridge science park

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19
Q

Key characteristics of the science park

A

-UK’s major hub for hi-tech industry
-1500 bio-technology companies
-7,250 employees
-International companies seeking access to Cambridge graduates and high talent
-North east of Cambridge, on the Rural Urban Fringe

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20
Q

Benefits to Cambridge due to science park

A

-Indirect jobs created on the site of the science park
-Cambridge has a reputation as world leader in investment
-Investment into local public transport

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21
Q

Disadvantages for Cambridge due to science park?

A

-House prices are rising due to rising demand in the area
-Cambridge is increasingly congested with traffic, rail and road links can’t cope.

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22
Q

What are Primary Industries?

A

-Produce the raw materials for industry
-Produce raw materials that can be turned into a finished product e.g. quarrying, farming, fishing and forestry

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23
Q

What are Secondary Industries?

A

Secondary Industries are the manufacturing and assembly industries

-They take raw materials and manufacture finished products from them. e..g. Steel manufacture, bread making.

24
Q

What is an example of how a modern industrial development that can be more environmentally sustainable

A

-Torr Quarry, this is a Limestone Quarry.

25
Q

What are some environmental impacts of Torr Quarry?

A

-Destruction of habitats
-Co2 emissions from heavy machines and lorries
-Air pollutions from dust
-Decline in water quality as chemicals washed into river

26
Q

What is meant by sustainability?

A

-Development that meets the needs of the population without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their own demands.

27
Q

Potential positives of Torr Quarry

A

-Job creation and economic growth in somerset
-Rural area- 100 long term jobs
-15 million towards the local economy
-Investment from linked industries nearby.

28
Q

Potential negatives of Torr Quarry

A

-Destruction of habitats and ecosystem = loss of biodiversity
-Air pollution from dust
-Noise pollution

29
Q

Why does the UK do quarrying even if it’s an HIC

A

The UK needs their own raw materials so they aren’t too reliant on globalisation, it also provides job opportunities in multiple sectors

30
Q

Does Torr quarry prove that quarrying can be completely sustainable?

A

Quarrying isn’t completely sustainable as it destroys habitats and causes a loss of biodiversity

Even if it is restored the habitats will never be back to it’s original state.

31
Q

Possible rural challenges

A

-Employers find it difficult to recruit labour
-Less investment
-Less land as rural areas are being developed on

32
Q

Possible rural opportunities

A

-Accessible rural areas that are well connected to cities (Counter-urbanisation)

-Boosted economy due to population growth

33
Q

What is the idea of counter-urbanisation

A

Where people move to rural areas to improve quality of life but commute to urban areas for work.

34
Q

Which rural area is seeing population growth and why?

A

-South cambridgeshire

-It is an accessible rural area, and is well connected to urban areas making it easy for people to commute

35
Q

Which area is seeing population decline and why?

A

-Outer Hebrides

-Due to outward migration as there are limited opportunities therefore younger people have decided to move away in search of better pay.

36
Q

Name a developing UK port

A

Liverpool 2 dock

37
Q

Name a developing road in UK

A

London to newcastle (A1)

38
Q

Name a developing UK airport

A

Newcastle’s airport

39
Q

Name a developing UK railway

A

HS2 which connects Euston to Birmingham.

40
Q

Why is the development of A1 important?

A

-Journey times reduced due to dual carriageways
-The south is more accessible to the north

41
Q

Why is the development of Newcastle’s airport important?

A

-Tourism is encouraged from Europe to the North of England
-Provides a range of jobs to help reduce the N/S divide

42
Q

Why is the Development of HS2 important?

A

-It ensures people could commute quickly from N to S for jobs and family reducing regional inequalities.

43
Q

Why is the development of Liverpool 2 Dock important?

A

-Increases transportation of goods in lorry containers, especially in North wales, allowing it to develop

44
Q

What is the north-south divide?

A

-The social, economic and cultural disparities between London and the south–east of England, and the rest of the UK.

-Differences in House prices, Life expectancy and income.

45
Q

Why is there a north-south divide in the UK

A

-Heavy machineries and engineering thrived in cities such Liverpool, Manchester etc.

-These industries have declined since 1970s

-London and the South-east quickly adapted to the tertiary sector leading to faster growth than the rest of the UK.

46
Q

What has the government encouraged
to TNCs?

A

-Incentives to TNCs to locate manufacturing in Northern areas to help reduce regional inequalities.

47
Q

What is an enterprise zone?

A

-An area where new businesses are encouraged to develop with incentives e.g. discounted rates, superfast broadband.

48
Q

What is a Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP)

A

-A partnership between local council and local businesses to boost the local economy.

49
Q

Example of an LEP

A

The lancashire LEP: Focusing development on the aerospace and technical engineering sector to create highly skilled jobs.

50
Q

How do enterprise zones help reduce regional inequalities?

A

-Encourages businesses to locate people and provide jobs for local people

-Causing positive multiplier effect

-More local taxes paid that can be reinvested back into the area.

51
Q

How can LEPs help resolve regional inequalities?

A

-Provides highly skilled jobs which attract high calibre and highly educated employees.

-This brings wealth into the area, more disposable income so positive multiplier effect.

52
Q

UK links with the wider world - Trade

A

Gas trades with Russia (Pre Ukrainian War)

Trade organic chemicals in USA
(300 Billion in export generated)

53
Q

UK links with the wider world - Culture

A

-Very diverse culture, Lots of different ethnicities
-Premier league football, Wimbledon
- Religious festivals e.g. Harvest, Ramadan, Eid.

54
Q

UK links with the wider world - Transport

A

-Lots of major docks and ports e.g. Liverpool

-Eurostar

-Exportation of boeing engines

-25,000,000 travellers from LHR

55
Q

Notes about UK and the Commonwealth

A

-Building international co-operations since the slave trade

-All used to be owned by British Empire

-Diplomacy.

Geography AQA (9 decks)

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