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[Y1] Pathology > Connective tissue disorders > Flashcards

Connective tissue disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 basic tissue types of animal tissue?

A
  • epithelium
  • muscle
  • nervous
  • connective tissue
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2
Q

define connective tissue

A

A material made up of fibers forming a framework and support structure for body tissues and organs

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3
Q

what is connetive tissue derived from?

A

mesoderm (the middle germ cell layer in the embryo)

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4
Q

what does the extracellular matrix consist of?

A

fibers, ground substance and interstitial fluid

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5
Q

what are the 9 functions of connective tissue?

A
  • structural
  • mechanical
  • protective
  • transport of nutrients/metabolites
  • storage of energy
  • defence against pathogenic organisms
  • tissue repair
  • thermogenesis
  • insulation
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6
Q

describe ECM fibers

A

Collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers

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7
Q

what are ECM proteins synthesised by?

A

mainly by fibroblasts but also specialist cells

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8
Q

what is elastin?

A
  • ECM protein
  • Produced and secreted by fibroblasts (and smooth muscle cells within arteries).
  • Highly elastic protein which allows durability and flexibility of tissues. Important component of arteries.
  • Elastin is a major component of elastic fibers.
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9
Q

what is fibrillin?

A
  • ECM protein
  • Supportive glycoprotein which often supports elastin within elastic fibers such as those supporting blood vessels.
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10
Q

what is collegen in connective tissue?

A
  • ECM protein
  • Produced and secreted by fibroblasts and specialist connective tissue cells such as chondroblasts. Collagen is the main structural protein found in ECM of connective tissue.
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11
Q

what is the most common type of cell found in connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts

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12
Q

what are fibroblasts responsible for?

A

Responsible for synthesis, maintenance and turnover of ECM of connective tissue -i.e. produces and secretes fibers, ground substance and interstitial fluid components.

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13
Q

what are the characteritics of fibroblasts?

A

branched and elongated shape

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14
Q

what is special about ‘immature’ fibroblasts?

A

are multipotent and depending on hormonal stimulation can differentiate into specialist connective tissue cells such as fat, bone and cartilage

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15
Q

what is connective tissue subdivided into?

A

Loose and dense tissue

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16
Q

describe dense connective tissue

A

has more fibers and less space between fibers for interstitial fluid

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17
Q

describe loose connective tissue

A

consists of collagen, elastic & reticular fibers whereas collagenous fibers predominate in dense connective tissue

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18
Q

what is the main difference between loose an dense connective tissue?

A

Dense contains less interstitial fluid and ground substance compared with loose connective tissue

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19
Q

which subdivision of connective tissue is more common in vertebrates?

A

loose connective tissue

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20
Q

what is the main function of loose connective tissue in vertebrates?

A

holds tissue and organs in place and connects epithelial tissue to underlying tissue (e.g. in the skin)

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21
Q

what are the 3 subdivisions of loose connective tissues?

A
  • Areola
  • Adipose
  • Reticular tissue
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22
Q

What does the areola support?

A

Supports the epithelial lining of GI, respiratory and urinary tracts and skin

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23
Q

state 3 things about the areola tissue?

A
  • loosely arranged
  • open spaces between fibers
  • cushions and supports underlying tissue
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24
Q

what are the 3 functions of adipose tissue?

A
  • protect major organs
  • energy storage
  • insulation (thermoregulation)
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25
Q

what is adipose tissue mostly composed of?

A

adipocytes (fat cells)

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26
Q

what is reticular tissue mainly composed of?

A

reticular fibers
- The fibers form very thin branching structures

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27
Q

what is the function of reticular tissue?

A
  • fibers hold tissues together (soft skeleton)
  • mainly supportive function
  • found arounds organs
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28
Q

what 3 things are dense connective tissues subdivided into?

A
  • regular
  • irregular
  • elastic
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29
Q

what tissue do tendons consist of?

A

dense regular connective tissue of closely packed collagenous fibers

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30
Q

tendons connect what to what?

A

muscle to bone

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31
Q

why are tendons important for sprinting?

A

store energy contributes to ‘spring-like’ forces

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32
Q

what does the achilles tendon attach together?

A

calf muscle to the heel bone (calcaneus)

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33
Q

what is the largest tendon iin the human body?

A

achilles tendon

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34
Q

what is the most common sporting injury?

A

tendon rupture

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35
Q

why do tendon ruptures take several months to heal?

A

due to the complex nature of dense connective tissue and also lack blood supply

36
Q

what tissue do ligaments consist of?

A

dense regular (but can be dense elastic) tissue

37
Q

what do ligaments connect together?

A

bone to bone

38
Q

what is the role of ligaments?

A

act to mechanically reinforce and strengthen joints, increasing structural support, flexability and preventing excessive movement/rotation of joints

39
Q

what do the cruciate ligaments connect together?

A

the femur to the tibia within the knee joint

40
Q

how many cruciate ligaments are there are how are they structured around the knee?

A

The two cruciate ligaments criss-cross each other with anterior cruciate ligament at the front and posterior cruciate ligament at the back of the joint

41
Q

where do the cruciate ligaments function?

A

in the back and forth movement of the lower leg

42
Q

what is marfan syndrome?

A

a genetic disorder of the connective tissue

43
Q

what is the cause of marfan syndrome?

A

a defect in the Fibrillin gene

44
Q

is marfan syndrome a autosomal dominant or recessive condition?

A

autosomal dominant

45
Q

what are symptoms of marfan syndrome?

A
  • tall stature and long bones
  • elastic skin and hyper-flexibility of joints
  • flat feet
  • high arched palate (roof of mouth)
46
Q

what is a common complication of marfan syndrome?

A

cardiovasular complications (often serious)

47
Q

what leads to cardiovascular complications in marfans patients?

A

Lack of functional connective tissue in arteries can lead to aortic aneurism and heart valve abnormalities.

48
Q

how many types of cartilage are there? and what are they?

A

3 types:
- hyaline (articular)
- elastic
- fibrocartilage

49
Q

what is cartilage made up of?

A

highly durable elastic tissue

50
Q

what is the function of cartilage?

A

to protect the ends of bones

51
Q

what injury put an end to andy murry’s career?

A

Labral tear

52
Q

what is the labrum?

A

a specialist fibrocartilage that protects the inside of the hip joint

53
Q

what is the main componant of the skeleton?

A

bone

54
Q

what is the function of the bone?

A

protective and supportive function

55
Q

what are produced and stored in the bone?

A
  • red and white blood cells produced
  • mineral storage
56
Q

what are bones made up of?

A

made up of cells, organic matter and inorganic matter (hydroxyapatite)

57
Q

what specialised cells are bones made up of?

A

osteoblasts and osteocytes

58
Q

what is the function of osteoblasts?

A

formation and mineralization of bone

59
Q

what do osteoblasts secrete?

A

type I collagen (major constituent of bone)

60
Q

what is teh extra cellular matrix (ECM) of bone?

A

osteoid

61
Q

what do osteoblasts secrete that leads to the calcification of bone?

A

mineral salts

62
Q

what is the function of osteoclasts?

A

break down and reabsorb bone (repair)

63
Q

what are the endosteum and periosteum?

A

thin fibrous, highly vascular layers of connective tissue encasing the bone

64
Q

what are the names for compact and spongy bone?

A

compact: cortical
spongy: trabecular

65
Q

what type of bone marrow is prominent in newborns and children?

A

red marrow

66
Q

what type of bone marrow is more common in older people?

A

yellow marrow

67
Q

what is the difference between red marrow and yellow marrow?

A

red marrow has a higher blood cell to adipose ratio whereas yellow marrow has a higher composition of adipocytes

68
Q

what is the tensile strength due to?

A

collagen fibers

69
Q

what is the compressive strength of bone due to?

A

deposition and mineral salts

70
Q

give 2 types of ground substance in the bones

A

glycoproteins and proteoglycans

71
Q

what do osteoblasts produce and secrete in the bone?

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

71
Q

where are the osteocytes embedded?

A

within the ECM of calcified bone and are ‘imprisoned’, rendered inactive

72
Q

where are osteoblasts located?

A

immediately above osteoids (newly formed bone ECM)

73
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

giant multi-nucleated cells

74
Q

what is rickets?

A

a bone disorder caused by weakening of the bones during development which results in developmental abnormalities of bone

75
Q

how does rickets commonly manifest?

A

bow-legs and curvature of the spine

76
Q

what is the most common cause of rickets?

A

vitamin-D insufficiency

77
Q

why does a vitamin D insufficiency lead to rickets?

A
  • Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption
  • Vitamin D supplementation in infants and children
  • Increases bone mineral density and bone strength.
78
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases

79
Q

how many people does osteoporosis affect per year in the UK?

A

> 3 million

80
Q

where is osteoporisis commonly seen in the body?

A

spine, hips and arm

81
Q

what are 6 nonmodifiable risk factors of osteoporosis?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • loss of oestrogen after menopause
  • previous fractures
  • hereditary factors
  • other disorders
82
Q

what are 7 modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis?

A
  • alcoholism
  • vitamin D insufficiency
  • smoking
  • poor diet
  • medications
  • overtraining
  • heavy metal exposure
83
Q

what is a DEXA scan?

A

a scan that measures bone mineral density

84
Q

hip fractures in elerly people leave __% confined to a wheelchair and __% die within a year

A

50% and 20%

85
Q
A

[Y1] Pathology (10 decks)

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