MI: Antimicrobials 1 Pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are macrolides particularly useful for?

A

Mild staph or strep infections in patients who are allergic to penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Recall 2 macrolide antibiotics

A

Azithromycin

Clarithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of bacteria are tetracylines effective against?

A

They are broad spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Recall a class of antibiotic you should never give to children or pregnant women

A

Tetracyclines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Recall one side effect of tetracycline antibiotics

A

Photosensitivity –> Light-sensitive rash (believed to be because tetracycline can absorb UV light and release that energy to skin cells in form of reactive oxygen species)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Recall the broad mechanism of action of macrolides

A

Bind to the 50s subunit of ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Recall the broad mechanism of action of tetracyclines

A

Bind to 30s subunit of ribosomes

*Bacteriostatic - still useful in certain situations, especially with MRSA*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of bacteria is chloramphenicol effective against?

A

Many - it is v broad spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is chloramphenicol rarely used?

A

Risk of aplastic anaemia and grey baby syndrome in neonates due to inability to metabolise drug

*Still useful for meningitis when patients have penicillin anaphylaxis*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Recall 2 specific bacteria that macrolides are effective against

A

Campylobacter sp

Legionella pneumophila

(macrolides = erythromycin/ azithromycin/ clarithromycin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Recall the broad mechanism of action of chloramphenicol

A

Binds to 50s subunit of ribosomes - inhibits formation of peptide bonds during translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Recall the broad mechanism of action of oxazolidinones

A

Binds to the 23s portion of the 50s ribosome subunit to prevent 70s subunit formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Recall two types of bacteria that oxazolidinones are particularly active against

A

Highly active against gram positive organisms - especially MRSA and VRE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Recall an example of oxazolidinones

A

Linezolid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Recall one potential side effect of oxazolidinones

A

Thrombocytopaenia and neurological side effects if used longer than 4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the:

30s subunit

50s subunit

A

30s = aminoglycosides, tetracyclines

50s = macrolides, chloramphenicol, oxazolidinones (binds to the 23s portion)

17
Q

Recall the broad mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones

A

Act on alpha subunit of DNA gyrase

18
Q

Recall the uses of fluoroquinolones

Which bacteria types are susceptible

A

Complicated UTI

Meningococcal chemoprophylaxis

Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia

Bacterial gastroenteritis

*BROAD SPECTRUM antibacterial activity against gram negatives*

19
Q

Recall examples of fluoroquinolone antibiotics

A

Levofloxacin

Moxifloxacin

Ciprofloxacin

20
Q

How do nitroimidazoles work?

A

Under anaerobic conditions, an active intermediate is produced which causes DNA strand breakage

21
Q

Give examples of nitromidazole antibiotics

A

Metronidazole

Tinidazole

22
Q

Recall types of organisms that metronidazole is effective against

A

Anaerobes

Protozoa

23
Q

When should metronidazole be taken?

A

Right after visiting the toilet as it sits in bladder

24
Q

Recall the broad mechanism of action of rifampicin

A

Binds to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase to inhibit RNA synthesis

25
Q

Recall the main use of rifampicin

A

TB treatment