chapter 35 Flashcards
nationalism and political identities in asia, africa, and latin america
The rise of nationalism and communism in China after the revolution of 1911 and the Russian revolution in 1917 guided Shanfei’s transformation from a girl ruled by ________ and privilege to an active __________ dedicated to the causes of women and communism.
tradition; revolutionary
What did Shanfei’s father’s death mean for Shanfei and her future? Now that he wasn’t pressing for traditional notions of women, what did Shanfei pursue?
ripped bandages off of her feet and sent to a modern school
- incited a student strike against the administration of her school, became famous as a leader in student movement
- broke tradition also by giving up her fiance for free marriage to the man she loved (peasant leader in communist movement)
Beneath colonial surfaces, nationalist and anti-imperial movements gathered strength, and in the postwar years resistance against and desire for what two main things were stronger than ever?
- resistance to foreign rule
- desire for national unity
In the decades following the Great War, nationalism developed as a powerful political force especially in what two Asian countries because growing numbers of people were influenced by the self-determination concept?
India and China
What were the twin ideals of Asian nations?
- independence from foreign powers
- national unity
The quest for national identity in India focused on doing what/what was their main concern at the time?
gaining independence from British rule
- pursuit was complicated by sectarian differences between Hindus and Muslims
The Chinese path to national identity was fraught with foreign and civil war as what two principal groups contended for power?
- the Nationalist Party
- the Communist Party
The construction of what across India facilitated the export of raw materials, but also contributed to the idea of national unity by bringing the people of the subcontinent within easy reach of one another?
the construction of a vast railway network across India
How did the British ironically create their own demise by creating an elite of educated Indian administrators to help with controlling and administering their vast colony?
European system of education familiarized the local middle-class intelligentsia with the political and social values of European society, but these values–democracy, individual freedom, and equality–were the antithesis of the empire, they promoted nationalist movements
How did the goal of the Indian National Congress change after the Great War?
AT FIRST: stressed collaboration with the British to bring self-rule to india
AFTER: congress pursued that goal in opposition to the British
How did the Muslim League contribute to the cause of the Indian National Congress?
both organizations dedicated to achieving independence for India, but members of the Muslim League increasingly worry that Hindu oppression and continued subjugation of India’s Muslim minority might replace British rule
From where did Indian nationalists draw encouragement and ideas from?
- Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
- Lenin’s appeal for a united struggle by proletarians and colonized activity
What life experience influenced Gandhi’s involvement in fighting racial segregation, and adopting of a moral philosophy of ahimsa and developed a technique of passive resistance (satyagraha)?
In 1893, he went to South Africa to accept a position with an Indian firm, there he became involved with organizing the local Indian community against system of racial segregation that made Indians second-class citizens
What was Gandhi’s moral philosophy of ahisma?
tolerance and nonviolence
What was Gandhi’s technique of passive resistance, satyagraha?
“truth and firmness”
Gandhi spent an hour each morning carefully studying what document, which was one of the most sacred writings of Hinduism, that he regarded as a spiritual dictionary?
“Bhagavad Gita” (Sanskrit for “The Lord’s Song”)
Gandhi’s unique mixture of _________ intensity and _________ activism appealed to broad section of the Indian population, and in the eyes of many he quickly achieved the stature of a political and spiritual leader, their ________, or “great soul”.
spiritual; political; Mahatma
Gandhi fought especially hard to improve the status of what class of society? What did he call the people of this class?
fought especially hard to improve the status of the lowest classes of society, the casteless Untouchables
- he called them harijans (“children of God”)
Under Gandhi’s leadership, what two mass movements did the Indian National Congress launch?
- the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-1922
- the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930
What did Gandhi call for Indian people to do in order to achieve self-sufficiency, which he believed to be a prerequisite to self-government?
called on Indian people to:
- boycott British goods and return to wearing rough homespun cotton clothing
- advocated for manual labor and the revival of rural cottage industries
- boycott institutions operated by the British in India like schools, offices, and courts
Despite Gandhi’s cautions against the use of force, _________ often accompanied the protest movement.
violence
What did the British do to Indian protesters in the city of Amritsar in Punjab in 1919?
colonial troops freely used their rifles to disperse an unarmed crowd, killing 379 demonstrators
What act did British parliament enact to give India the institutions of a self-governing state?
Government of India Act
What did the Government of India Act allow for, that permitted India to establish a self-governing state?
- allowed for establishment of autonomous legislative bodies in the provinces of British India
- allowed for creation of a bicameral (two-chambered) national legislature
- allowed for formation of an executive arm under the control of the British government
- act went into effect in 1937
For what two main reasons was the Government of India Act unworkable?
- India’s six hundred nominally sovereign princes refused to cooperate
- Muslims feared that Hindus would dominate the national legislature
- Muslims already faced economic control by Hindus (fact underlined by Great Depression)
Why was India hit especially hard by the Great Depression?
- mainly agricultural economies devastated
- imperial government did not respond with energetic efforts to mitigate the effects of economic crisis
How did the Great Depression exacerbate conflict between Muslims and Hindus?
Muslims constituted majority of indebted tenant farmers who could not pay rents and debts, landlords were Hindus
- felt economically exploited by Hindus, and economic discrimination bolstered calls for a separate Muslim state
Who was a brilliant lawyer who headed the Muslim League, and warned that a unified India represented nothing less than a threat to the Muslim faith and its Indian community?
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)
In place of one unified India, what did Muhammad Ali Jinnah propose?
he proposed two states
one of which would be the “land of the pure”, or Pakistan
Who was a leading opponent of the old Qing empire, and proclaimed a Chinese republic in 1912 and briefly assumed the office of president?
Dr. Sun Yatsen (1866-1925)
What did the revolution of 1911 in China do to the government?
forced the Xuantong emperor, still a child (also known as Puyi) to abdicate his throne
After the revolution of 1911, and the establishment of a Chinese republic by Dr. Sun Yatsen, the republic soon plunged into a state of political anarchy and economic disintegration marked by the rule of who?
warlords, disaffected generals from the old imperial Chinese army, and their troops
How did the control of warlords contribute to the deterioration of Chinese society?
- neglected irrigation projects crucial to the survival of farmers
- protected the opium trade
- decline of crucial economic investments
Warlords were just one symbol of the disintegration of Chinese political order, what was the other main symbol?
fragmented relationship between native authority and foreign powers
- continued sway of unequal treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene in Chinese society–they didn’t control the state, but their privileges impaired Chinese sovereignty
What did youths and intellectuals in China eagerly anticipate of the 1919 Peace Conference in Paris? What were the actual results?
expected the US government to support the termination of the treaty system and the restoration of full Chinese sovereignty
- hopes were shattered when peacemakers approved increasing Japanese interference in China
What was the May Fourth Movement? What sparked it, and what did they protest against?
Chinese movement that began 4 May 1919 with a desire to eliminate imperialist influences and promote national unity
- spearheaded by students and intellectuals in China’s urban areas
- sparked by peacemakers’ decision to increase Japanese interference in China at Paris Peace Conference
- leaders of movement pledged to rid China of imperialism and reestablish national unity
Disillusioned by the cynical self-interest of the United States and the European powers, some Chinese became interested in __________ thought as modified by _______ and social and economic experiments under way in the Soviet Union.
Marxist; Lenin
The anti-imperialist rhetoric of the Soviet leadership prompted the organization of what political party in China?
1921 the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organized in Shanghai
Who was among the early members of the Chinese Communist Party who viewed Marxist-inspired social revolution as the cure for China’s problems?
Mao Zedong (1893- 1976)
How did the beliefs of Chinese communists differ from that of European communists in terms of women’s rights and roles in society?
Chinese communists
1. believed in divorce
2. opposed arranged marriages
3. campaigned against the practice of foot binding
Sun Yatsen’s basic ideology was summarized in what book of his?
“Three Principles of the People”
What did Sun Yatsen’s “Three Principles of the People” call for?
- elimination of special privileges for foreigners
- national reunification
- economic development
- democratic republican government based on universal suffrage
To realize the goals he outlined in his “Three Principles of the People”, Sun Yatsen was determined to bring all of China under the control of what party of his?
Nationalist People’s Party, or Guomindang
Members of the Chinese Communist Party began to augment the ranks of the Guomindang and by 1926 made up how much of the Guomindang’s membership?
one-third
Under the doctrine of Lenin’s democratic _________–stressing centralized party control by a highly disciplined group of professional revolutionaries–______ advisors helped organize the Guomindang and the CCP into effective political organizations.
centralism; Soviet
After the death of Sun Yatsen in 1925, the leadership of the Guomindang fell to who?
Jiang Jieshi (1887-1975)
How was Jiang Jieshi’s vision for social revolution different from the communists’?
did not view the masses of China as a part of social revolution
What political and military offensive did Jiang Jieshi launch that aimed to unify the nation and bring China under Guomindang rule?
the Northern Expedition
Toward the end of his successful campaign, what did Jiang Jieshi do to the relationship between the Guomindang and the CCP?
brutally and unexpectedly turned against his former communist allies, bringing the alliance of convenience between the Guomindang and the CCP to a bloody end in 1927
Where did nationalist forces set up a central government in China, and declare the Guomindang the official government of a unified and sovereign Chinese state?
Nanjing
How was China able to evade most of the effects of the Great Depression (three main factors)?
- arge agrarian economy and small industrial sector were connected only marginally to the world economy
- foreign trade in tea and silk, which declined, made up only a small part of China’s economy
- economy dominated by its large domestic markets
While largely evading the effects of the Great Depression, what three major problems did China have to deal with during the 1930s?
- nationalists only controlled part of China, the remainder of the country was controlled by warlords
- by the early 1930s, communist revolution was still a major threat
- Guomindang faced increasing Japanese agression
What was the CCP’s army called?
the Red Army
Out of China’s three main problems faced during the 1930s, which did he focus on?
gave priority to eliminating the CCP an its Red Army
What was the Long March of the CCP’s Red Army?
some 85,000 troops and auxiliary personnel of the Red Army began the epic journey of 10,000 km (6,215 mi) to Shaanxi province in northwestern China, and establish HQ at Yan’an
What was the significance of the Red Army’s Long March?
- inspired many Chinese to join the Communist Party
- Mao Zedong emerged as the leader and the principal theoretician of the Chinese communist movement
Mao Zedong, who emerged as the leader and the principal theoretician of the Chinese communist movement came up with a Chinese form of Marxist-Leninism, or Maoism. What was this ideology?
ideology grounded in the conviction that peasants rather than urban proletariats were the foundation for a successful revolution
- village power was critical in a country where most people were peasants
What organization did Japan join as one of the “big five” powers?
the League of Nations
What did the Japanese government do after joining the League of Nations as one of the “big five” powers?
entered into a series of international agreements that sought to improve relations among countries with conflicting interests in Asia and the Pacific
As a signatory to several treaties from what conference in 1922, did Japan agree to (1) limit naval development, (2) pledged to evacuate Shandong province of China, and (3) guaranteed China’s territorial integrity?
Washington Conference in 1922
What agreement did Japan sign that renounced war as an instrument of national policy in 1928?
the Kellogg-Briad Pact
