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Drugs and Human Behavior final > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

Hallucinogens

1
Q

Animism

A

Belief that nature derives their special characteristics from a spirit contained within the certain object, plant, or animal.

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2
Q

Shaman

A

Individuals who use knowledge of drug containing plants for traditions.

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3
Q

Psychotomimetic

A

mimic psychosis, which means that they produce an alteration in perception.

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4
Q

Entheogen

A

substances thought to create spiritual or religious experiences.

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5
Q

Entactogen

A

substances that can enhance feelings of empathy (example is MDMA).

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6
Q

Three different classification of Hallucinations:

A

Mild, Medium, and Profound.

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7
Q

Mild classification of a hallucination:

A

A change in perception (seeing something in a new light).

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8
Q

Medium classification of a hallucination:

A

Things are added to objects in your visual field (an example is colored fringes).

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9
Q

Profound classification of a hallucination:

A

Seeing something not there or not seeing something that is there.

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10
Q

what is an Olfactory hallucination:

A

smells or odors that are not actually present.

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11
Q

what is a gustatory hallucination:

A

tastes or flavors that are not actually present.

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12
Q

What are the Indole Hallucinogens (focusing on Serotonin):

A
  • Psilocybin
  • Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
  • Morning Glory
  • Ergot
  • LSD
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13
Q

what does Indoles mean:

A

The basic structure of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

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14
Q

Why do all of the Indole Hallucinogens drugs affect serotonin:

A

Because of the Indoleamine nucleus, they are all serotonin agonists. They stimulate serotonin.

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15
Q

What psychedelics contain the indoles structure? (hint: they are all the Indole Hallucinogens)

A
  • Psilocybin
  • Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
  • Morning Glory
  • Ergot
  • LSD
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16
Q

Psilocybin is the active ingredient in what substance?

A

The active ingredient in the central American mushroom Psilocybin Mexicana.

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17
Q

what is Psilocybin cubensis

A

they are a smaller version of the mushroom psilocybin mexicana, they grow on cow dung (they are .2-.5 percent psilocybin.

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18
Q

Where can there be a cross tolerance with psilocybin?

A

LSD and catechol psychedelic mescaline because the psychedelic effects are similar.

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19
Q

what effects does psilocybin produce?

A
  • complex visual hallucinations
  • out of body experiences
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20
Q

Why does Psilocybin have a religious quality?

A

Users often feel a great truth is revealed and they start to lose the truth as the drug wears off.

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21
Q

What are the usual positive effects that occur after using psilocybin?

A

Intense changes in mood, perception, and thought, most individuals describe the experiences as pleasurable, enriching, and nonthreatening.

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22
Q

What are the acute negative effects that occur with psilocybin?

A

Dysphoria and anxiety

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23
Q

what is DMT or Dimethyltryptamine?

A

It is the psychoactive ingredient in Cohoba snuff.

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24
Q

what are the effects of Dimethyltryptamine?

A

-tremors
-postural spasms
-Abnormal gait
-visual
-auditory hallucinations

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25
Q

Why is DMT normally ineffective when taken orally?

A

Because it is metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO) before reaching the brain.

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26
Q

Why is DMT unique among classic psychedelics

A

Because tolerance does not develop.

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27
Q
A
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28
Q

How is Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) degraded?

A

It is not by the liver but by the digestive tract.

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29
Q

Where is morning Glory found?

A

In flowers, especially the seeds as when they are eaten the effects are like LSD.

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30
Q

Why is Morning Glory’s affects similar to LSD?

A

Because the active ingredient is the same. (Alpha-Lysergic-Acid Amide).

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31
Q

Morning Glory’s compound is similar to LSD but is it as potent?

A

NO, it is about 1/10 as potent

32
Q

who was leary?

A

He was an advocate for LSD legalization, he talked to congress about it and he basically was saying it is really hard or impossible to overdoes on LSD if it is pure.

33
Q

what is Ergot

A

A fungus that sometimes grows on rye grains in granaries.

34
Q

What happens if you eat the rye grains with Ergot on them?

A

-muscle spasms
-conclusions
-insomnia
-hallucinations
-limbs become swollen and inflamed and your blood vessels can constrict and result in loss of blood to limb resulting in loss of limb.***

35
Q

In history what did people think was the result of ergot poisoning?

A

The Salem witch trials.

36
Q

What is the story in how LSD was founded?

A

Hofmann synthesized it in 1938, it sat on the shelf for 5 years before he tried it and he experienced the effects.

37
Q

How does LSD get into the body?

A

Taken by mouth, rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, once its in the body the brain contains less LSD than any other organ in the body.

38
Q

Is LSD selectively taken up in the brain?

A

NO, once LSD is in the body there is less LSD in the brain than any other organ in the body.

39
Q

What is LSD’s half life?

A

about 3 hours

40
Q

How is LSD metabolized?

A

In the liver and exerts as acid diethylamide which is inactive.

41
Q

What does tolerance look like in LSD?

A

Tolerance develops within 3-4 days if the drug is taken daily, on multiple occasions.

42
Q

Effects of LSD look like…

A

-dilated pupils
-elevated temperature
-increased blood pressure
increase in salvation

43
Q

LSD produced greater “positive” subject effects,__________and_________ than any other drugs.

A

mystical experiences; ego-dissolution

44
Q

what does ego-dissolution mean?

A

temporarily diminished sense of self often experienced through psychedelics.

45
Q

Flashbacks

A

also called “hallucinogen persisting perception disorder” and its when the person experienced hallucinations while sober, usually because of stress.

46
Q

What are benefits of LSD?

A

-alcohol use disorders
-reduces headaches
-reduces anxiety, like with people with life threating illness(creates preception).

47
Q

The primary active ingredient in American mushroom is __________ a indole psychedelic.

A

Psilocybin

48
Q

Half life of LSD

A

3hours

49
Q

Over the next decade after Hofmann’s discovery of LSD, what was LSD investigated to be?

A

-a psychotherapy
-a truth serum
-mind control

50
Q

Why did Leary talk to congress about LSD

A

Since LSD was aways cut with something else on the street, he argued LSD wasn’t the problem but what it was being mixed with, so pure legal LSD should be available.

51
Q

what do anticholingeric hallucinogens do?

A

block acetycholine

52
Q

what are the drugs that almost all of the Anticholinergic Hallucinogens contain?

A
  • Atropine
  • Scopolamine
  • Hyoscyamine
53
Q

How do anticholienergic hallucinogens affect the body? (peripherally)

A
  • block the parasympathetic nervous system
  • Increase heart rate
  • Increase temprature
  • casue pupil dilation
54
Q

Mentally how do anticholinergic hallucinogens affect people? (centrally)

A
  • delirium
  • confusion
  • drowsiness
  • memory loss (no memory of drug experiences)
55
Q

What is Atropa Belladonna (deadly nightshade) and what drug does it contain:

A

It is a very effective poison and it contains atropine

56
Q

What is the deadly nightshade’s effect?

A
  • Irregular heatbeat
  • drowsiness
  • “flying feeling”
57
Q

What is Hyoscyamus Niger (Henbane) and what drug does it contain?

A

It is mostly used as poison and it contains
- Scopolamine

58
Q

Mandragora Officinarum (Mandrake Root) contains what kind of drug:

A
  • Atropine
  • Scopolamine
  • Hyoscyamine
59
Q

What is Datura (Jimson weed, thorn-apple, stink weed) and what drugs does it contain?

A

VERY TOXIC
contains:
- Atropine
- Scopolamine
- Hyoscyamine
^All three drugs

60
Q

What affects do Datura (the weed one) make?

A
  • almost manic psychotic state
  • NOT calm psychotic state
  • you would go to the hospital
61
Q

Amanita Muscaria (Fly agaric) is from what plant?

A

a Eurasian mushroom

62
Q

what does Amanita Muscaria (Fly agaric) cause?

A
  • intoxication
  • agitation
  • euphoria
  • visual hallucination
  • agression
  • eventually sleep (similar to opium)
63
Q

Amanita Muscaria creates what kind of people?

A
  • act drunk but very agitated
64
Q

Issues with flashback by Dr. Havens

A

there is no drug in the blood at the time, it is not released from fat!

Its most likely due to stress, antihisamine use and anxiety.

65
Q

What is interesting about how Amanita Muscaria is metabolized?

A

It stays in the blood stream for a VERY long time.
It is excreted unchanged as people will reuse and drink pee.

66
Q

Mutagens are?

A

meaning will cause birth defects

67
Q

Does LSD cause birht defects?

A

It does cross the placental barrier but there has not been many observation of pure LSD creating birht defects.

68
Q

What is MDMA

A

estacy, and it facilitates social bonding

69
Q

What does MDMA increase in order to enhance feelings of connectiveness and socialbility?

A

increases
- plasma
- oxytocin

70
Q

What other neurotransmitters contribute to the development of human interpersonal relationships other than Oxytocin?

A
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrin
71
Q

What is MDMA dervied from?

A

Oils:
- nutmeg
- sassafras
- saffron
- dill
- parsley

72
Q

WHat are the sympotms of brain damage from excessive ecstasy (MDMA)use:

A

it can cause permanent brain damage and lead to sympotms like parkinsons disease.

73
Q

What are “killer joints”

A

when marijuana joints are mixed with PCP causing crazy effects.

74
Q

what is the problem with PCP?

A

It uniquely causes violence among its users.

75
Q

NMDA receptor antagonists can mimic what kind of symptoms?

A

resembling psychosis, including hallucinations, paranoid delusions, confusion, altered mood, nightmares, and learning/memory deficits.

76
Q

what receptor antagonists do PCP attach to?

A

NMDA receptor antagonists

77
Q

what was Lousy Summer of 1968 and the start of designer drugs:

A

experimental and cultural shifts related to PCP

Drugs and Human Behavior final (7 decks)

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