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Economics > TOPIC 5 ECO (chapter 12 - 13) > Flashcards

TOPIC 5 ECO (chapter 12 - 13) Flashcards

1
Q

financial markets

A

provide products that provide returns for households & businesses w/ excess funds & make funds available to those needing additional money for consumption or investment (C&I)

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2
Q

financial intermediaries (banks)

A

firms hold savings (accumulated funds) of individuals/firms as DEPOSITS, make LOANS to other FIRMS/IND who can make USE of them

bridge between savers & borrowers in economy

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3
Q

4 sources of savings

A
  1. proportion of household income not spent on consumer goods
  2. business who dont distribute all profits to owners
    -funds not distributed can be supplied to financial markets until needed
  3. GVT budgets for SURPLUS
    -revenue > expenditure
  4. FOREIGN pools of savings supplied by individuals, firms & GVTs from overseas AUS can borrow from
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4
Q

4 reasons for borrowing

A
  1. consumers borrow when demand for g&s EXCEEDS current capacity to pay
    -borrow to purchase houses
  2. entrepreneurs/bus managers borrow to FUND OPERATION/EXPANSION of businesses
  3. GVT borrows funds when it BUDGETS for DEFECIT
    -expenditure > revenue
  4. AUS financial institutions (banks) LEND money OVERSEAS to borrowers
    -AUS NET borrower in GLOBAL financial system, borrows more than lends overseas
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5
Q

financial markets are the ___ markets for ___ in an economy

A

factor markets for capital

income isn’t expended immediately & still constributes to present aggregate demand by allowing others to borrow surplus for immediate C&I

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6
Q

since when were financial markets more important for the economy?

A

since the financial sector was deregulated in early 1980s

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7
Q

financial instruments

A

shares, investment funds, superannuation, bonds

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8
Q

what financial services does AUS fianncial sector provide

A

home mortgages, credit cards, personal loans, super management, insurance

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9
Q

securities

A

any form of financial instrument that provides holder of instrument with claim over real assets/future income stream

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10
Q

2 types of financial markets

A
  1. primary financial markets
  2. secondary financial markets
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11
Q

primary financial markets

A

facilitate CREATION of financial ASSETS (SECURITIES) can sold into economy
-bus wants raise funds, borrow money by issuing debt securities/expand ownership of company by selling new shares
-money received from investors directly to company

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12
Q

secondary financial markets

A

transactions w/ financial assets ALREADY ISSUED on primary market in PAST
-no NEW financial ASSET is CREATED, but OWNERSHIP of existing financial asset TRANSFERRED from 1 individual/bus to another
-companies whose securites TRADED here DONT receive MONEY from TRANSACTIONS

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13
Q

ASX

A

australian securities exchange
-PRIMARY and SECONDARY financial market

major share market in AUS, purchase & sale of most shares in PUBLIC companies
-share market brings together ppl wishing to buy & sell shares to allow TRANSACTIONS occur

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14
Q

4 main financial markets across the WORLD
SDDF

A

SHARE/equity market
ownership shares in companies issued/exchanged

DEBT market
-debt securities (eg. bonds) exchanged/cash lent & borrowed

DERIVATIVES market
-ppl buy & sell financial assets based on VALUE of OTHER financial ASSETS

FOREIGN EXCHANGE market
-financial assets defined in 1 country’s currency exchanged for assets defined in another country’s currency

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15
Q

all financial intermediaries perform the same basic function:

A

channel excess savings from NET SAVERS in economy to those wishing to borrow frunds (NET BORROWERS)

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16
Q

non-financial intermediaries

A

legally cannot hold deposity

banks (financial) hold deposits on behalf of savers

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17
Q

banks comprehensive offer of financial services

A

-accepting deposits (savings)
-making advances (loans)
-issuing credit cards
-arrange overseas payments & collect funds

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18
Q

fintech

A

type of financial services business using tech eg. AI to increase efficiency/deliver new services

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19
Q

other financial institutions FICPS

A

Finance companies
investment banks
credit unions
permanent building societies
superannuation funds

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20
Q

finance companies

A

obtain most their funds by borrowing from general PUBLIC, issuing DEBT SECURITIES/from banks (non-financial businesses)
-funds loaned out to households/businessese at HIGHER rates of INTEREST to make profit
-fintechs

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21
Q

investment banks

A

borrow on short-term basis from companies with SURPLUS FUNDS
-lend funds to other large companies (expand business) & GVT agencies
-provide financial advisory services to large companies eg. takeovers, trade securities for profit

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22
Q

credit unions

A

non profit cooperative organisations
-members belong to certain trade, industry, profession, live certain area
-ppl deposit/borrow money with profits returned to members

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23
Q

permanent building societies

A

accept deposits from PUBLIC & provide FUNDS mainly for HOME LOANS
-also offer business loans but interest rate structure controlled lil by STATE GVTs

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24
Q

superannuation funds

A

contribution of employees & ers and invest in financial assets to provide retirement income for contributors

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25
Q

credit

A

loans extended to individuals, businesses & GVTs for spending on C&I
-constitutes assets for financial intermediaries that derive income from & liabilities for individuals & bus that borrow funds

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26
Q

consumer credit

A

allows consumers to purchase consumer g&s in advance of actual payment
-enables individuals to tap into future streams of income likely to receive to fund consumption in present

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27
Q

msot common type of consumer credit & function

A

credit cards allow consumers to purchase goods & repay borrowings with INTEREST at later date

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28
Q

credit cards are offered by

A

banks
credit unions
non-financial corps eg. woolies in conjunction with credit card companies eg. mastercard

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29
Q

another major form of consumer credit

A

personal loans offered by banks & credit unions eg. afterpay
-charged at higher rate of interest > housing loans
-diff in interest rates charged on diff financial products reflect diff in RISK to LENDER borrower wont be able to pay back

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30
Q

why do successful economies depend on a competitive financial system?

A

transform savings –> productive investment –> higher standard of living and eco growth

increased comp improves ALLOCATION of resources in eco –> easier for firms to raise funds

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31
Q

are australia’s financial markets successful?

A

yeah they large and sophisticated

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32
Q

australia’s banking sector is not that/highly concentrated in the developed world

A

ANZ, Commonwealth, NAB, Westpac dominate markets for deposits, home loans, other lending

large market shares, major banks wield sig market & pricing power, enabling to raise retail deposit rates slower than borrowing rates, :(

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33
Q

why do GVTs face pressure to increase competition in the banking sector?

A

assume banks make excessive profits, ‘ripping off’ households & small bus w interest rate margins, other fees

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34
Q

how do GVTs try increase competition

A

policies for easier switching between banks
-ban mortgage exit fees
-impose duty on dinancial advisers to put interests of clients first

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35
Q

housing loans

A

offered by banks & non-bank financial institutions (building societies)

long term loans to purchase property, requiring periodic repayments with interest

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36
Q

financial futures & options

A

contracts to trade in financial instruments at later date for certain price
-futures markets allow investors protect themselves against adverse movements in interest rates, currency fluctuations/share prices by agreeing on price & currency to buy/sell financial product in present, dont make transaction until later date
-options give investors’ holder right to make transaction but NOT OBLIGATION to complete transaction/chooce NOT let option expire

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37
Q

foreign exchange

A

market for buying & selling foreign currencies
-investors & bus need foreign currencies when doing business with ppl overseas

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38
Q

7 financial market products (to meet needs of lenders & borrowers varying risk, return & liquidity)
CHBSBFF

A
  1. consumer credit
  2. housing loans
  3. business loans
  4. short term money markets
  5. bonds
  6. financial futures & options
  7. foreign exchange
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39
Q

BUSINESS LOANS

A

form of debt allows bus to invest in operations & expansion
-rates on loans to SMEs > housing loan rates (mortages typically ‘secured’ by property to purchase)
-lenders can sell their property in situations when borrowers default on their debt to offset losses on loan, so loans arent as risky to provide
-greater risks lending to small businesses (most likely to default on their loan obligations)

-small bus typically borrow funds from finance companies & banks
-large companies borrow from investment banks too

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40
Q

short-term money markets

A

bring bus & ppl together with temporary shortages/surpluses of funds
-those with surplus funds (eg. banks) issue various forms of debt securities (eg. bank bills) to those in need of funds
-debt securites have maturity date <1yr

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41
Q

bonds aka debt security

A

written record of debt
-borrower sells bond in return for LOAN
-holder of bond receives INTEREST payments and final repayment
-rate of financial return on bond (yield) calculated by dividing coupon payment by bond price
-if interest rates ^, yield on bond ^ but coupon paymentws are fixed so its reflected in lower price for bond (price of bond fluctuates according to changes in lvl of interest rates)
-can be sold in SECONDARY financial markets

long-term securities where lenders receive regular fixed payments(coupon payments) from the issuing institution & receive principal value of debt (face value of bond) at end of bond period (date of maturity)
-issued by GVT and few large companies & banks

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42
Q

superannuation

A

AUS employers obliged to pay contributions to employees superannuation accounts (early 90s)
-superfunds invest into financial products (shares, bonds) in AUS & overseas
-employees retire, funds available as retirement income (regular payments/single sum)

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43
Q

superannuation roles for AUS economy

A

-source of retirement income
-system allows more ppl to indirectly own shares & participate in sophisticated parts of finance sector with higher returns, than simply depositing money in savings bank
-growth of super reduces pressure on gvt to provide income for retired aussies
-gradually increasing

large pool of finance created promotes growth in eco
-money in super funds can be loaned to financial institutions to provide loans to housholds (eg. mortgages) & businesses
-also can be directly invested in new share issuances by businesses to purchase more capital

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44
Q

how do changes in superannuation have significant impactso n the rest of the economy?

A

large amt super invested in shares = changes to share market main driver or superannuation balances
-super industry regulated by GVT through APRA

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45
Q

share

A

type of financial asset provides individual with ownership over part of business/company

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46
Q

share market

A

financial market where investors buy & sell shares

only deals with trade in shares of PUBLIC companies

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47
Q

why does the share market play an important role in the AUS eocnomy

A

businesses can sell shares in their companies to raide funds for growth

individuals/other businesses can gain returns on their og bus’ surplus funds

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48
Q

how can a firm issue shares?

A

-must be COMPANY, (INCORPORATED!!)
-LIMITED LIABILITY

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49
Q

incorporated business

A

recognised as separate legal entity from owners/managers of business (no matter what happens to shareholder, business continues operating)

LIMITED LIABILITY
-fails, indivudals who operate business protected from risk of bankruptcy

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50
Q

incorporated businesses can be either ____ or ____

A

public or privatep

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51
Q

public company

A

shares not subject to any transfer restrictions (beyond those established by GVT regulation)
-company’s shares can be traded freely on share market

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52
Q

private ocmpany

A

restricts ownership of shares to only few (<20) individuals & places restrictions on share transfers so ownership cannot be freely bought/sold betw individuals
-Pty Ltd propriety limited

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53
Q

how does the ASX provide a regulated environment for investors to buy & sell shares?

A

matching sellers who have desired selling price with buyers willing to pay that price

investor can buy/sell sahres through BROKER registered with ASX
-broker can be specialist online trading agency/finance company/stockbroker (person)
-online brokerages popular recently cause low cost & accessible way of trading shares

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54
Q

reasons for investors to purchase shares

A

gain stake in company profits

make capital gains from increases in share prices

owning shares = right to vote for company’s board of directors who appoint company’s senior managers
-decide how company will act to maximise wealth of shareholders
-shareholders meet once a year to vote matters & voice opinion
-mangers have FIDUCIARY (legal) duty to manage company in way serves interests of shareholders

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55
Q

shareholders as owners of company

A

entitled to share successes of company
-company refutnrs profit, prop returned to shareholders (DIVIDENDS) awareded per share
-most companies autonomy to decide what fraction of profits returned to shareholders
-company grows, value share price increases, shareholders can sell shares for more than paid them (CAPITAL GAINS)

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56
Q

possible gains for shareholders

A

value of shares increasing, may sell any time to make gain

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57
Q

risks for shareholders

A

company loses money/closes due to failure, only stand to lose amt initially invested in shares (limited)
-not responsible for further debts of company

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58
Q

dividends

A

profit returns received by shareholders (owners) of business

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59
Q

capital gains

A

profits made by investors who sell their shares/assets at price ABOVE level originally paid for them

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60
Q

float

A

company lists itself on stock exchange & offers its shares to public first time

DEBUT

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61
Q

share market benefits for company

A

opportunity to raise new funds for investment & growth
-once listed, access further equity funds any time by issuing approved prospectus for release of new shares
-issuing new shares REDUCE CONTROL existing shareholders have over company, (own smaller prop of company)

62
Q

sale of new shares is a _____ financial market transaction

A

primary

63
Q

when EXISTING shareholder sells shares to another investor, what financial market transaction is this? (most trades in australia) primary/secondary

A

secondary

64
Q

a company’s share price is SET by the market forces of ___ and ___

A

supply and demand

65
Q

what factors does a company’s share price reflect

A

-confidence in management
-previous & expected earnings
-general eco conditions

66
Q

if company’s share price loses value for shareholders, what do shareholders do and what happens to the company

A

put pressure on management to improve performance & even vote new management

threat of possible takeover

67
Q

relationship between general eco conditions & share values

A

fluctuations in share market mirror changes in eco growth
-down/upturns in share market measured by ALL ORDINARIES INDEX
-share market much LESS STABLE than real eco (small change in eco growth –> enormour change in share values)

68
Q

all ordinaries index

A

stock market index measuring changes in overall value of companies listed on ASX

69
Q

how do share markets act to allocate resources to diff types of production?

A

companies & sectors with best growht prospects able to use additional investment funds most effectively
-raise msot funds when floated
-raise medium-term growht prospects of economy
-share prices higher for firms in industries shareholders expect high growht

70
Q

major problem using share market as guide to health or eco/indicator of industry growth

A

assume all share purchases based on rational, confident beliefs of shareholders
-share purchases SPECULATIVE, bought with intention of being resold within short period
-investors dont buy to gain long term income stream from shares but hope for short-term capital gains
-speculators base investment decision on ‘HYPE’ in market, not real profitability of firms –> shares/industries may overvalue prices, draw further investment & misallocate resources

71
Q

speculation

A

investors buy assets with intention of reselling for higher price in short period

72
Q

recent decades seen dramatic increase in participation of foreign investors in AUS markets. why? (2)

A
  1. both through increased lending to AUS
  2. increased foreign ownership of AUS companies
73
Q

AUS financial markets become closely INTEGRATED with global markets last 3 decades. what does this reflect? (3)

A

falling communications costs

increased reliability & speef of electronic transfer of funds

deregulation of AUS financial markets since 80s encouraged foreign participation in domestic markets

74
Q

when has AUS been more open to FEM?

A

1983

75
Q

why are global debt markets important for AUS eco development?

A

reliance on foreign borrowing
-AUS net borrower, borrows funds overseas > lends foreigners

76
Q

what facilitates AUS foreign movement of funds?

A

AUS 4 major banks source finance for domestic loans from overseas

foreign banks established stronger presence since AUS operations established 1985

77
Q

equity markets

A

regulated by NATIONAL GVTs, exist primarily within individual countries

international movement of funds betw equity markets dominated by financial institutions (banks)

78
Q

domestic & global markets FGE

A

foreign exchange markets

global debt markets

equity markets

79
Q

Australia is primarily a ___ market with foreign participation than ___ market, regulated by the ___

A

domestic

global

ASIC

80
Q

2 + 2 international organisations limited functions of regulation in GFM

A
  1. Bank for International Settlements BIS
    -international org helps central banks promote financial stability through market regulations
    -Basel Committee sets standards for banking regulations to promote uniform financial regulatory systems globally
  2. International Monetary Fund IMF
    -general stability of international financial system
    -monitors ecos & markets
    -provides financial assistance to countries diff meeting IF obligations
  3. International Organisation of Securities Commission (IOSC)
    -share markets
  4. iNTERNATIONAL association of insurance supervisors (IAIS)
    -insurance markets
81
Q

main benefit of GFM

A

allow aussies access foreign capital for individual & business investment

enable aussies invest & earn returns from overseas bus

without access to inter finance, face higher borrowing costs/unable access finance easily

82
Q

main disadvantage of integration with GFM

A

regular disturbances in market overseas quickly transmitted to AUS esp through financial market SPECULATION

83
Q

results of financial market disturbances
4

A
  1. savings lost
  2. companies bankrupt
  3. undermine confidence across eco
  4. reduce eco growth
84
Q

4 GVT bodies AUS responsible for regulation & supervision of financial system

A
  1. RBA
    -responsible for monetary policy, payments system regulation, banking services to GVT, supply of banknotes, stability of financial system (5)
  2. Aus Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA)
    -prudential supervision & regulation of all deposit-taking institutions
    -life & general insurance
    -super funds
  3. ASIC
    -corp regulation
    -consumer protection
    -oversight of financial service products
  4. AUS Treasury
    -advises GVT on macroeco & financial stability issues
    -advice for legislative & regulatory framework for financial system
85
Q

Council of Financial Regulators CFR

A

coordinates collaboration among 4 members (RBA, APRA, ASIC, Treasury)

informal body allows info sharing & coordinating advice
-no collective powers separate from powers of individual members

late 1990s

86
Q

RBA

A

AUS central bank, main role to ocnduct monetary policy & oversee stability of financial system

now, prioritieses sustaining low & stable inflation (og goal maintain stability of currency)

created 1959

87
Q

central bank role 3

A

executing monetary policy on behalf of GVT

print banknotes

regulate country’s banking system according to eco objectives of Commonwealth GVT

88
Q

how are central banks diff to other banks?

A

not set as financial business w/ desire to make profit

doesnt provide accounts for individual customers

89
Q

7 functions of RBA

A
  1. conducting MONETARY policy on behalf of GVT
    -influence cost & availability of money in eco by influencing general lvl interest rates
    -achieve sustained low inflation rate while encourage eco growth
  2. financial system stability
    -monitors risks & developments in AUS financial system
    -conducts research & provides guidance to APRA to enforce regulations
    -maintain long term stability of financial system by AVOIDING/reduce risk financial crises
90
Q

other 5 functions of RBA

A
  1. control of note issue
    -AUS currency manufacturer
    -volume of notes & coins vary according to demand for cash
  2. regulation of payments system
    -payment methods (credit cards, electronic cash)
    -promote stability in settling large transactions in financial markets
  3. banker to the banks
    -hold exchange settlement accounts with banks
    -accs allow banks to settle debts between themselves & RBA at end of day’s trading
    -banks can use to buy & sell GVT securities from RBA
  4. responsibility for holding AUS reserves of gold & foreign currency dealings
    -provide funds used to make international payments/RBA operations in FEM
    -oversees dealers in FEM
  5. banker & source of financial & eco advice to GVTs
    -banking & financial agency services to Commonwealth GVT & soem state GVTs
    -can lodge excess funds w/ RBA & complete transactions on behalf of gvt (welfare, pensions) to citizens
    -publishes regular assessments of eco’s state & financial markets (sig influence policy making)
91
Q

ADI

A

authorised deposit-taking institutions from APRA
-banks, superfunds, insurance companies, credit unions, building societies

92
Q

2 main regulatory roles

A
  1. encourages behaviour by institutions to ensure ability to meet obligatiosn to ppl placing money w/ em
    -ensure deposit-holders can take back deposit money when wanted
    -insurance companeis meet policy obligations
    -superfunds perform well & can pay ppl withdraw savings
  2. sort out institutions financial position & ensure policy/deposit holders receive as much of their funds possible
93
Q

ASIC has power to

A

monitor, investigate & act in situations where integrity of financial system undermined by illegal acts/unethical investment products

protect consumers against misleading/deceptive conduct affecting financial products & service

94
Q

ASIC aims

A

maintain high standards of corp behaviour & confidence in financial markets

offence regulated by ASIC: insider trading (company directors use non-public info abt company to buy & sell shares on market to make profit)

95
Q

AUS Treasury role in functioning of AUS financial markets

A

main source of eco policy advice to GVT
-how they devise budgets, colelct taxes, allocate expenditure, implement policies (monetary, labour, market regulations)

for FINANCIAL MARKET
-advice to GVTs on regulatory settings for financial markets, corporate practices & consumer protection

96
Q

price of money in the financial/money market

A

rate of interest borrowers pay
-not achieved through equilibrium of market forces alone but RBA influencing interest rates

97
Q

mortgage

A

most common form of borrowing by households to purchase house
-lending bank gives house as security on loan
-if borrower defaults making repayments on loan, bank right to sell house to regain debt before giving leftover money to borrower

98
Q

indivudal borrowing for short term borrowing

A

buying car, travel internationally, credit cards
-loans mostly unsecured, no asset financial institution can claim if borrower defaults on loan
-higher interest relate relative to those for mortgages

99
Q

why does the business sector access msot funds of any sector in the economy?

A

need access to funds to expand production, invest in R&D
-by issuing shares to raise equity/issue bonds to raise debt
-indirectly borrow money from financial isntitutions
-overcome downturns in its cash flow

100
Q

how do GVTS participate in financial markets as borrowers

A

raise lvl eco activity
-slow growth rate –> funds readily vailable from financial markets –> borrow to increase spending/give tax cuts to stimulate eco

GVT spending grows faster than revenue (unintentional)/fund major infrastructure projects (decades so future returns from assets cover costs of investment)

101
Q

liquidity

A

ease which financial asset can transform into cash so it can be used as medium of exchange

benefit of holding money, easy use of funds when necessary

102
Q

when individuals have surplus funds, what form can they decide to keep those funds?

A

hold money ( currency & bank deposits)

purchase financial assets (bonds/shares)

103
Q

benefit of purchasing financial assets

A

return can earn by holding
-owners of shares in company can receive prop of profits made by company in dividends
-no return when holding cast (cash value erodes over time, money holds value)

RISKY THO
value can change depending on market conditions

104
Q

3 reasons why some prefer holding money/highly liquid assets > invest surplus funds in financial assets offering return
TPS

A
  1. transactions motive
    -regular payments for g&s
    -need certain quantity of currency for these transactions
    -most financial assets cant be used to pay these
  2. precautionary motive
    -unpredictable circumstances, emergencies for liquid funds
  3. speculative motive
    -buying financial assets possibility making capital gains/losses
    -value shares/bonds falls, capital loss
    -avoid capital loss (expect value fall, sell assets and convert to money)
105
Q

how does lvl demand for liquid funds (money) depend on sophistication of financial system & ease one can convert non-liquid assets into money?

A

simple system, wanna hold more cash for transactions & precautionary purchases to easily access funds
-banks only operate brances & savings accs require holders to physically make transactions at bank,

advanced
-easier to convert financial assets into liquid funds
-ind&bus confidently hold more savings in less liquid assets when markets for assets have lots of buyers & sellers, function more efficiently
-payments tech affects demand, ease of electric transactions

106
Q

main opportunity cost of holding liquid funds

A

interest wouldve been earned by holding financial assets
-benefit holding liquidity (lower costs for transactions, no risk of capital losses) > costs (interest), individuals wanna hold money than financial assets

107
Q

demand for funds (during surplus) by businesses affected by factors

A

cash flow generated by business operations

whether cash flow sufficient to cover expenses

general eco conditions
-good –> more comfortable taking debt to fund major investments & expansion

interest rates
-likely borrow when low

108
Q

payment method trends

A

electronic payment methods increasingly substitute for cash
-driven by ^availability & convenience (contactless card, mobile phone payments) more time efficient

109
Q

why is AUS household debt increasing (mortgages)

A
  1. long period of low interest rates esp 2000-10s
    -when borrowing, main concern is how MUCH to pay back in monthly repayments
    -afford to borrow more
  2. financial deregulation
    -increased competition –> lowered borrowing costs & increased debt options to homebuyers
  3. rising income levels
    -afford to buy bigger loans in dollar terms & as % of income
  4. low inflation (avg)
110
Q

6 financial innovation affecting consumer demand for liquidity (new tech)

A
  1. ATM, EFTPOS
  2. growth of internet based discount stockbrokers
    -cheaper & easier for small ind investors participate in financial markets
  3. rise of BUY NOW PAY LATER products offered by companies
    -pay for goods in instalments w/o credit card/traditional loan
  4. MORTGAGE BROKERS
    -help individuals find most suitable loan products
    -replace banks as conduit to housing loan for large % borrowers
  5. CONTACTLESS PAYMENT systems
    -pay without signing/providing PIN
    -reduce transaction time > debit & credit cards
  6. CRYPTO/digital currnecies
    -future, transfer funds internationally quicker
    -lower transaction fees < traditional methods
    -transact directly w/o intermediaries (banks)
111
Q

how are individuals lenders in financial markets

A

place deposits in financial institutions lend money to institution for return
-but hold wealth, not spend range options
-invest in assets/buy shares/avoid risk place money into interest-bearing deposit in bank

112
Q

how can businesses be lenders in financial markets

A

successful business strong cash flow & profits but may not have wanna immediately expand/buy out another
-deposit funds in bank (FI)
-interest rates lvl where maintaining deposit funds likely more lucrative > investing in expansion, firm more likely deposit funds

113
Q

how can GVTs be lenders in financial market

A

mostly borrowers, but surplus on budge, allows pay past debts/maintain positive financial balance (loan(borrow) money through financial sector)

114
Q

why is the INTERNATIONAL SECOTR an importnat source of funds for domestic borrowers?

A

AUS historically low savings rates, relying overseas svings to finance domestic C&I
-borrow money from overseas foreign LIABILITY, must be repaid future

115
Q

4 characteristics why money is important component of modern ecos

A
  1. MEDIUM of EXCHANGE
    -g&s, resources exchange for money
  2. measure of VALUE
    -compare relative value of g&s, resources
  3. STORE of value
    -can be held over time & used predictably for future exchanges
  4. method of DEFERRED PAYMENT
    -allows development of system of lending & borrowing
116
Q

why is a stable monetary system important for the successful performance of an economy?

A

affect ability of markets to function properly & allow economy grow over time

117
Q

4 main ways money supply measured

A
  1. CURRENCY
    -held by households & businesses
  2. M1
    -currency & deposits held in transactional bank accounts
    -measure most liquid financial assets, used instantly to complete transactions
  3. M3
    -M1 + all non-transaction deposits
    -consists of all currency in circulation & all private sector deposits in banks
    -not as liquid as M1
  4. BROAD money
    -M3 + deposits in non-bank financial intermediaries (credit unions, building societies) - holdings of bank deposits
118
Q

M1 =?

A

M1 = Currency + transactional bank deposits

119
Q

M3 = ?

A

M1 + NON-transactional bank deposits

120
Q

BROAD MONEY = ?

A

M3 + NBFI deposits - NBFI deposits in banks

121
Q

how is CREDIT an important FINANCIAL AGGREGATE measured by thr RBA?

A

borrowers receive money upfront while lenders receive credit asset (have right to receive interest payments from borrower & amt moeny initially borrowed at end of loan period)
-credit itself loan asset banks & lenders hold
-not money but close

credit = value of total borrowing in AUS eco by households & businesses

122
Q

interest rates/borrowing rate

A

cost of borrowing money as % of total amount borrowed

-price brings equilibrium in financial market (quantity of funds supplied by lenders = demanded by borrowers)

rate of return(yield) on financial assets/instruments

123
Q

supply of funds is in/elastic to changes in interest rate

A

inelastic

124
Q

why do banks act as borrowers of funds when they accept savings deposits?

A

use funds to make profit by lending funds to other borrowers, charge rate of interest on funds when make loans to customers
-profit by charging LENDING rate > BORROWING rate

125
Q

borrowing rate & lending rate

difference between these rates

A

borrowing : rate of interest offered

lending rate: charge rate of interest

diff: interest rate differential

126
Q

how do we distinguish betw short & long term interest rates?

A

based on length to maturity of financial assets/ securities
-eg. Comm GVT borrows funds using short term (<yr) securities or long term (bonds 5-10 yrs)

127
Q

short term interest rates

A

interest rates on loans with maturity <1 yr

128
Q

why interest rates diff betw long & short term securities

A

long term: riskier (can charge much more over time), less liquid (more diff to convert into cash)
-return required for assets usually higher , lenders receive higher interest rate

129
Q

factors that influence general lvl interest rates
(factors affects supply/demand funds in financial markets lead to change in equilibrium lvl interest rates) ISLIGIM

A
  1. demand for capital goods (investment)
    -stronger investment demand –> higher demand for borrowing by firms to finance capital expansion, upward pressure on IR
    -^ real wage rate (capital cheaper < labour)/^ lvl eco activity (firms need expand capcity to satisfy stronger demand)
  2. lvl SAVINGS in eco
    higher, increased supply of loanable funds, downward pressure on IR
  3. demand for LIQUID FUNDS
    -stronger pref, willing forgo returns from buying securities & choose hold funds in bank deposits/currency
    -supply of loanable funds lower, put upward pressure on rate of interest
  4. INFLATIONARY EXPECTATIONS
  5. GVT BUDGET
  6. INTERNATIONAL interest rates
  7. MONETARY POLICY
130
Q

how do inflationary expectations affect interest rates

A

inflation reduces value of money & financial assets
-inflation expected to rise, lenders require higher IR paid as compensation for loss of value of financial assets
-if real rate of return on securities stays same, higher expected inflation –> higher nominal IRs in eco

131
Q

how does GVT Budget affect interest rates

A

GVT budget deficit & borrower in financial markets –> higher IRs
-if GVT net lender in financial markets, DOWNward pressure on IRs

132
Q

how do international interest rates affect AUS interest rates

A

capital markets open & funds move across national borders easily, lvl world interest rates impact domestic interest rates
-domestic IR < overseas IR, domestic lenders seek invest funds overseas to advantage higher rates of return
-reduce supply of loanable funds domestically, UPWARD pressure on domestic IRs

133
Q

how does monetary policy (RBA) influence interest rates

A

manages cash rate
-DIRECT influences returns for SHORT-term loans & INDIRECT influence on interest rates on LONGER term loans

134
Q

cash rate

A

interest rate in overnight money market (market for very SHORT term loans betw banks, loans made for overnight use many cases)

135
Q

mechanics of cash rate & overnight money market is explained by 3 things

A
  1. exchange settlement accounts
  2. policy interest rate corridor
  3. open market operations
136
Q

exchange settlement accounts

A

banks need to hold certain prop of their funds with RBA in exchange settlement accounts to settle payments with other banks & RBA
-eg. consumer ANZ uses debit card to buy g/s from bus from westpac, funds need flow from ANZ to westapc for transaction through transferring funds bwtween banks ES accs
-banks end up having surplus or not enough funds in ES at end of day
-banks can hold ES balances in accs at RBA to store value

overnight money market banks have shortage of ES funds borrow money form banks with surplus, enables banks to settle interbank payment obligations each other
-like other financial markets, demand by borrowers & supply from lenders interact to set IR
-supply of funds from lenders w/ excess ES increases, price borrowing this (cash rate) falls
-BUT RBA intervenes to enure cash rate sets targets using policy rate corridor & open market operations

137
Q

policy rate corridor

A

RBA can ensure cash rate doesnt stray far from target w/ ES funds outside overnight money market

  1. RBA pays IR to banks on funds in ES accs 25% < target
    -banks with excess ES balances dont have incentivce to lend funds to other banks as they could earn greater returns by leaving extra funds in ES account
    -hence RBA’s deposit rate creates min value for cash rate
  2. RBA always willing lend ES balances to banks outside overnight market
    -sets IR on loans 25% above cash rate target
    -banks need borrow ES balances not incentivised to pay rate HIGHER than RBA’s lending rate
    -borrow ES funds directly from RBA outside overnight market
    -creates MAX value for cash rate

together, floor (RBA deposit rate) & ceiling (RBA lending rate) form policy rate corridor for cash rate
-no banks (surplus/shortage of ES funds) have incentive to complete transactions in OMM outside of corridor
-actual cash rate always closely follows RBAS target

138
Q

what is the policy rate corridor responsible for

A

implementing changes to RBA’s cash rate target bc ceiling & floor automatically set so cash rate target MIDDLE
-if RBA decrease target, floor & ceiling shift DOWNWARDS, banks borrow & lend from eahc other consistently with new target as soon as RBA announces changed target

139
Q

borrowers & lenders always execute trades using the cash rate target. why?

A

cash rate target & actual almost same
-no reason why cash rate cant move within corridor

140
Q

domestic market operations

A

demand for ES balances by banks fluctuate daily
-esp when large transactions/payments in eco (eg gvt pays social security benefits)

141
Q

why does RBA manage lvl suppply of ES funds

A

it meets demand at price = target daily

without, cash rate bounces inside corridor whenever demand fluctuates
-but massive increase in ES balances no need for as many interventions

142
Q

how does the RBA manage the supply of ES funds

A

conducting domestic market operations (DMO), whose purchases & sales of financial securities by RBA in exchange for ES balances
-affect supply of ES funds ES funds used to complete transactions
-if demand for ES funds ^, RBA need to increase supply of ES funds to keep cash rate at target

143
Q

domestic market operations

A

purchase & sale of financial securities by RBA in exchange for ES balances

144
Q

HOW DOES THE rba INCREASE SUPPLY OF ES funds to keep cash rate at target

A

ibuy financial securities accounts
-increases supply of ES funds to meet additional demand

if DECREASE supply (decrease demand), RBA sell financial securities to banks, exchange by withdrawing funds sitting in their exchange settlement accounts
-decrease supply of ES funds down to lower lvl of demand

145
Q

DMO involves outright purchases/sales of securities (eg secondhand Comm GVT bonds) or repurchase agreements. what are repurchase agreements?

A

‘seller’ of bond/security agrees to buy bond/security back from ‘buyer’ at later date

146
Q

SUMMARY of cash rate policy corridor

A

uses CRPC to change cash rate target

DOMESTIC market operations DMO to ensure CR stays target EVERYDAY when demand for ES funds change

both feature of OMM allow RBA control cash rate

147
Q

what happens when the cash rate increases?

A

more expensive financial institutions to obtain funds in SHORT term money market
-increases overall cost structure of borrowing, flowing through LONGER term & mortgage IRs as banks try maintain profit margins

147
Q

why is the cash rate important?

A

provides foundation of interest rate structure in economy

148
Q

what happens during a reduction in cash rate

A

lowers cost of borrowing for banks in SHORT term money market
-financial institutions pass cost saving to customers in lower lending IRs

149
Q

how do changes in general level of interest rates (caused by changes in cash rate) impact lvl of eco activity?

A

interest rates fall
-encourages oncsumption & investment spending –> increases lvl eco activity

interest rates rise
-deters C&I spending, reducing overall eco activity

150
Q

what is the RBA’s influence on IRs to affect lvl of eco activity?

A

monetary policy

tighten by RAISING IRs or loosen by LOWERING IRs

Economics (12 decks)

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