Parkinson's Disease Flashcards
workshop 7
what does a MEG scan measure?
neural activity
- better than EEG (ERP) as it is measuring the electrical properties of the synases in the scan
what does an MRI scan measure?
looks at the oxygenated levels of blood (BOLD)
what does a PET scan measure?
looks at the combination of metobolites depending on whar tracer you ingest
measures heamodynamic blood flow and what is in the blood
what does a SPET scan measure?
it is similar to a PET scan
- looks at the haemodynamic properties of the blood (what is in the blood)
what is temporal resolution?
(time resolution)
the further to the left on the graph, the more accurate the imaging is
WHAT ARE THE MOST ACCURTATE FORMS OF BRAIN IMAGING?
accurate:
MEG + ERP
OPTICAL DYES
SINGLE UNIT
PATCH CLAMP
semi-accurate:
FMRI
PET
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
less accurate:
MICROLESIONS
2-DEOXIGLUCOSE
LESIONS
WHICH FORMS OF BRAIN IMAGING HAVE GOOD SPATIAL RESOLUTION?
good:
single unit
patch clamp
light microscopy
average:
MEG + ERP
optical dyes
FMRI
poor:
PET
microlesions
2-Deoxiglucose
Lesions
according to professor david chambers whar are the 3 types of materialism?
A- deny an epistemic gap ir hard problem of consciousness
B- accept consciousness is concerned with physical reality but the epistemiuc gap in knowledge is overlooked and they are treated as one (an ontilogical gap)
C- there is an epistemic gap between physical and ophenomenal truths that may be closed due to new discoveried about physical processes, or novel reasoning
how do we assess the level of consciousness we have?
the more information that we are processing (measured through neuroimaging techniqwues) then the higher level of consciousness we have
what is the cerebellum?
- mot part of the brainstem
- part of the metencephalon (along with pons it bridges with the cerebellum)
- has 2 hemispheres
- heavily controls with motor conttrol
- coordinates and smooths movements
- key for balance, eye movement (indicates good functioning of the cerebellum), feeds back to the motor cortex.
- functions IPSILATERALLY (controls the same side of the body
- connected to the brainstem via the cerebellar peduncles
- the outersurface is tightly folded to increase its surface area and the density of its neurons
- it accounts for >50<80% of brain neurons so is very condence.
what is parkinson’s disease?
- progressive neurodegenerative disorder
- Impairment of movement initiation, particularly automatic (i.e. balance)
- Akinesia (inability to perform a clinically perceivable movement)- shows itself in the form of slow speech.
- When 80% of dopamine is lost, PD symptoms occur such as tremor, slowness of movement, stiffness, balance…
- Causes: Genetic (10-15%), Environment (head injury, pesticides), Ageing.
which population are most affected by parkinson’s disease?
men are 1.5x more likely to get the disease thn women
1 in 37 people
how does Parkinson’s disease affect the brain?
- Affects nerve cells in substantia nigra which produces dopamine
- Substantia nigra= collection of nuclei important in the production of dopamine- Lack of dopamine helps control movement.
- it doesnt kill you but secondary symptoms can cause mental health problems.
what are the symptoms of parkinson’s disease?
unique and individual symptoms often occur
what pioneering treatment is being used to help patients with parkinson’s disease?
- Self care (exercise)
Maintaining activity levels, prevents decline
Nutrition (eating well) - Medication (drug pump to avoid fluctuations in dose effects)
Mask the symptoms, no specific cure
Problems within dosage response, can change and fluctuate depending on different factors
Difficult to get the right dosage (too much or too little may worsen the tremors)
Drug pump= surgically implanted, pumps the medication in depending on levels within the body - Surgery (deep brain stimulation)
Deep brain stimulation (shown below)- stimulate thalamus and prevent tremors.
Ultrasound treatment- lasers at different points, burn thalamus (fuse it) to prevent the tremor.
