Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Surgery (small) > Urogenital surgery (Yr4) > Flashcards

Urogenital surgery (Yr4) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the possible clinical signs of prostatic disease?

A

anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, pyrexia
urinary… dysuria, haematuria, urine retention
defaecatory… tenesmus, ribbon-like faeces, constipation
stiffness and straddling gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the possible disease effecting the prostate?

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia
prostatitis
abscessation
cysts
neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the signalment of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

older middle aged entire dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is found when rectalling dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

symmetrically enlarged pain-free prostate with a homogenous consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is benign prostatic hyperplasia treated?

A

castration (caused by androgens)
anti-androgen drugs but not as effective as castration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what causes prostatitis/abscessation?

A

ascending infection from urethra (often proceeding benign prostatic hyperplasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the typical organism that causes prostatitis/abscessation?

A

E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is found on rectal palpation of patients with prostatitis/abscessation?

A

asymmetrically enlarged painful prostate (pain on abdominal palpation also)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how is prostatitis/abscessation treated?

A

antimicrobials for 4-6 weeks along with castration
can also drain but they often reoccur and can burst to cause a peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the difference between a prostatic and paraprostatic cyst?

A

paraprostatic - outside of prostate capsule and don’t communicate but are attached to the prostate
prostatic - within the capsule of the prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is found on rectal of prostatic cysts?

A

prostate not palpable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how are prostatic cysts treated?

A

US guided drainage or surgical resection
castration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the most common prostatic neoplasia seen in dogs?

A

adenocarcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is found on rectal palpation of prostatic neoplasias?

A

pain and enlarged prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what palliative care is available for prostatic neoplasias?

A

cystotomy or urethral stenting
analgesia
radiation therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the three types of testicular neoplasia?

A

interstitial cell (leydig) tumour
Sertoli cell tumour
seminoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a common clinical sign of sertoli cell tumours?

A

feminisation syndrome (penile atrophy, attraction to males, gynecomastia, galactorrhea, oestrogen can cause myelotoxicity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is phimosis?

A

inability to protrude penis from prepuce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what causes phimosis?

A

narrowing of preputial opening from infection or congenital malformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is paraphimosis?

A

inability to retract penis into the prepuce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the surgical treatment options for paraphimosis?

A

enlargement of preputial opening
phallopexy
penile amputation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the contraindication of neutering before the first season?

A

juvenile vaginitis
juvenile urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the pathogenesis of how pyometra forms?

A

during the luteal phase progesterone stimulates growth/activity of the endometrial glands along with suppressing the immune system which can lead to mucous/blood collecting which can turn septic

24
Q

what is the main pathogen that causes pyometra?

A

E. coli

25
Q

what are some clinical signs of pyometra?

A

PUPD, lethargy, inappetence, vomiting, pyrexia, dehydration, pain , vaginal discharge
(can lead to SIRS)

26
Q

what would be a good antibiotic choice for a pyometra?

A

cefuroxime or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid

27
Q

what is the preferred treatment for a pyometra?

A

ovariohysterectomy

28
Q

what is needed for a uterine stump pyometra to form?

A

a progesterone source (ovarian remnant)

29
Q

what is the major clinical signs of ovarian remnant syndrome?

A

recurrent oestrus signs (attraction to males, enlarged vulva…)

30
Q

how can ovarian remnant syndrome be diagnosed?

A

history and vaginal cytology
hormone assays (progesterone, anti-mullerian hormone)

31
Q

what causes a uterine stump granuloma?

A

poor aseptic technique
using non-absorbable suture for ligatures
excessive uterine body remaining

32
Q

when does vaginal hyperplasia occur?

A

during proestrus/oestrus under the influence of oestrogen, leading to oedematous enlargement of the vagina

33
Q

what can vaginal hyperplasia lead to?

A

prolapse

34
Q

what is the recommended treatment for vaginal hyperplasia (prolapse)?

A

lubricate and prevent self-trauma
resect if tissue is non-viable
spaying is recommended

35
Q

what us episioplasty?

A

reconstructive surgery to remove excess skin folds around the vulva which might be causing problems such as peri-vulvar dermatitis

36
Q

where can ovarian neoplasias arise from?

A

germ cells (teratoma, teratocarcinoma)
epithelial (adenoma, adenocarcinoma)
sex cord stromal (granulosa cell tumour)

37
Q

what are the most common uterine neoplasias?

A

dogs… leiomyomas
cats… adenocarcinomas (rare)

38
Q

what is the prognosis for inflammatory carcinomas?

A

poor (highly metastatic and rapidly progressive)

39
Q

what is the innervation for the filling/storage phase of the bladder?

A

mainly sympathetic (via hypogastric nerve)…
beta-adrenoreceptors in detrusor muscle (relaxation)
alpha-adrenoreceptors in urethral smooth muscle and trigone (contract)

40
Q

what is the innervation for the emptying phase of the bladder?

A

parasympathetic (via pelvic nerve)…
detruser reflex is when the stretch receptors of the bladder wall are stimulated causing contraction

41
Q

what allows you to have voluntary control over the detrusor reflex?

A

cerbral cortex

42
Q

what are the typical findings of a filling phase incontinence?

A

patients urinate/empty bladder normally
dribble urine between urinations
reduced bladder capacity

43
Q

what are some differentials for filling phase bladder incontinence?

A

ectopic ureter
reduced pressure at the bladder neck
involuntary contractions (infection, drugs, neoplasia, calculi)

44
Q

what are the typical abnormalities of incontinence associated with the emptying phase?

A

distended bladder
no normal urination
often dribble urine

45
Q

what are some differentials for incontinence relating to the emptying phase?

A

partial/complete urethral obstruction
chronic bladder distention (trauma…)
dyssynergia (poor muscle coordination)

46
Q

what is the most common form of incontinence in the bitch?

A

urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence

47
Q

what are the clinical signs of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence?

A

intermittent involuntary passage of urine usually whilst relaxed
don’t dribble urine and can urinate normally

48
Q

what are some causes of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence?

A

low urethral tone
hormonal (spaying prior to first season)
obesity
intrapelvic bladder

49
Q

what breeds typically get urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence?

A

doberman, boxers, Irish setters

50
Q

how can urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence be treated medically?

A

increase muscle tone (phenylpropanolamine)
estriol
reduce contributing factors (weight loss, UTI…)

51
Q

what is the difference between an intramural and extramural ectopic ureter?

A

intramural - tunnels through the bladder to connect to urethra/rectum
extramural - completely bypasses the bladder

52
Q

what is a possible consequence of prolonged ureteric obstruction in cats?

A

hydronephrosis

53
Q

what stage of the oestrus cycle should you neuter a bitch?

A

anoestrus

54
Q

when should early neutering (before the first season) be avoided?

A

if congenital USMI or juvenile vaginitis is present (these need hormones to resolve)

55
Q

what is the difference between open and closed castration?

A

open incises through the vaginal tunic

Surgery (small) (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions