Neuroplasticity & Learning (unfinished)

Question 1

Neuroplasticity

Answer 1

-neural capacitty to alter brain function, neurotransmitters and structure
-memory and learning
-healing from damage

Mechanisms: habituation, new experiences, recovery after injury

Question 2

Learning

Answer 2

-change in behavior from knowledge and practice
-process of acquisition

Question 3

Memory

Answer 3

-process that knowledge is encoded, stored and recalled
-product of learning

Question 4

Motor Learning

Answer 4

-learning new strategies from moving
-permanent changes in behavior
-increases activity of thalamocortical pathways
-parallel pathways aid in efficiency and redundancy

Question 5

Performance

Answer 5

-temporary change in motor behavior

Question 6

Habituation

Answer 6

-simple form of neuroplasticity
-supression of repetitive non-noxious stimuli
-after rest, response can be ilicited to same stimulus

Short term: changes in neurotransmitter and concentration of Ca

Long term: repeated stimulation causeing structural changes

Question 7

Sensitization

Answer 7

-strengthening response to stimuli preceded by noxious stimuli
-more complex than habituation
-alters K+ allowing longer AP and more neurotransmitter

Long term: increased strength of existing, new proteins, new synapses, modified current synapses

Question 8

Assoociative Learning

Answer 8

-person can predict association
-conditioning
-2 neurons activated causes protein altering

Long term: new protein synthesis with formation fo new synapses

Question 9

Classic Conditioning

Answer 9

-1 stimulus to another
-weak stumulus and response paired with stronger stimulus
-pavlov

Question 10

Operant Conditioning

Answer 10

-behavior to consequences
-trial and error: behavior shaped by internal throughts and motivation
-consequences: reinforcement to strengthen behavior and punishment to weaken

Question 11

Implicit Procedural Learning

Answer 11

-skills and habits
-must be performed by learner
-basal ganglia loops

Question 12

Explicit Learning

Answer 12

-coonscioous processes with end product of acquiring knowledge
-prefrontal cortex, limbic

Question 13

Long Term Potentiation

Answer 13

-similar to pottentiation
-requires stimuli at the same location
-weak is facilitatied if stimulated in ass with stronger (associativity, specificity and cooperativity (pre and post working together))
-increased neurotransmitter

Shorter term: functional changes only
Long term: protein synthesis

Hippocampus and temporal lobe for spatial memory that can be verbalized

Question 14

Long Term Depression

Answer 14

-similar to habituation
-acticate weak synapses

Question 15

Specificity

Answer 15

-only highly actice will exibit LTP
-selective memory

Question 16

Cooperativity

Answer 16

-requires >1 neuron working togetther
-pre and post together

Question 17

Associativity

Answer 17

-contributing fibers and post synaptic cells working together

Question 18

Implicit and explicit memory

Answer 18

-can shift between each
-used in most learning activities

Question 19

Early Cognitive Phase

Answer 19

-high attention
-activation inc then dec in dorsolateral PFC, sensorimotor coorticies, parietal and cerebellum
-sesnory feedback
-performance witth rapid improvement

Question 20

Associative Phase

Answer 20

-motor/sensory apthways active but less
-inc in cerebellar activity and basal ganglia
-executive function needed
-new skills, compare results
-refine skill
-slower improvements

Question 21

Autonomous Stage

Answer 21

-primary cortex remains activice but decreased
-more automatic basal ganglia
-increased accuracy
-stable performance

Question 22

Brain Injury

Answer 22

-cell death causes <excitotoxicity <release glutamate < destroy post synaptic neurons < increased Ca and K < more glycolysis needed < breaking down cell < cellular inflammation from arachidonic acid < free radicals < cellular edema

Question 23

Axonal Injury

Answer 23

injury < axons retract away < wallerian degeneration < distal segment dies < glial cells clean up < cell body degenerates through chromatolysis < post synaptic cell may die

Question 24

Axon Injury Regrowth

Answer 24

Sprouting: new branch of intact axon

Collateral sprouting: neighbo r neuron reinnervates

Regenerative sprouting: damaged neuron sends new sorts to new target

Schwann cells regrow axon 1mm/day, exercise day 5 helps

-PNS

Question 25

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Answer 25

-DAI
-TBI from high velocity injuries cause widespread tearing
-CNS

Question 26

Neurite Outgrowth inhibitor

Answer 26

-NOGO
-glial scars revent aconal regeneration in CNS

Question 27

Cell Body Death

Answer 27

-always causes neuron death

Question 28

Synaptic Changes after Injury

Answer 28

Recovery of synaptic effectivenss
-resolution of edema

Denervation hypersensitivity
-increased post synaptic receptors

Synaptic Hypereffectiveness
-presynaptic terminals are damaged and post receive it all

Unmasking of silent synapses

Question 29

Principles of Plasticity

Answer 29

1. Use it or lose it
2. Use and improve it
3. Specificity
4. Repetition matters
5. Intensity matters
6. Time Matters: work at diff times
7. Salience Matters: meaningful tasks
8. Age
9. Transference: can enhance aquisition of similar behaviors
10. Interference: one experience can interfere with another behavior

Question 30

Voluntary Movement 3 Phases

Answer 30

Target identification: post parietal cortex

Planning of action: premotor areas of frontal cortex

Execution of action: primary motor