MEDICINE

Question 1

epidemiology

Answer 1

the branch of medical science that deals with the study of the distribution, pattens, determinants, and control of diseases and health related events within a population

Question 2

correlation

Answer 2

• describes a statistical relationship between twoo variables, indicating how they change together but does not imply a causation
• changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable
• established through statistical analysis, often using methods such as correlation coefficients

Question 3

causation

Answer 3

• implies a cause and effect relationship where the event (cause) directly leads to another event (effect)
• changes in one variable directly cause changes in another variable
• typically established through controlled experiments or carefully designed observational studies

Question 4

homeopathy

Answer 4

system of alternative medicine

Question 5

placebo

Answer 5

• when treatment substances that aren’t supposed to have an effect on people make people feel better
• when used in clinical trials half of the participants are given the real and the other half the placebo, if the real one showed significantly benefits compared to the placebo, it was proved effective

Question 6

zoonotion

Answer 6

diseases caused by pathogens carried by animals

Question 7

vector borne

Answer 7

contact with a living organism that carries the disease pathogen

Question 8

direct contact

Answer 8

coming into contact with the bodily fluids of an infected animal

Question 9

indirect contact

Answer 9

coming into contact with areas where animals live, or surfaces contaminated with pathogens

Question 10

food borne

Answer 10

consuming infected foods

Question 11

water borne

Answer 11

coming into contact with contaminated water

Question 12

antibiotics

Answer 12

work by targeting the bacteria, killing, or inhibiting their growth

Question 13

vaccines

Answer 13

• vaccines introduce weakened or inactive parts of a pathogen in the body
• the immune system recognizes these parts as a foreign and mounts a defense by producing antibodies
• if the body encounters the real pathogen in the future, the immune system can quickly neutralize it

Question 14

MMN vaccines

Answer 14

made form the weakened forms of the virus and bacteria, and they mimic natural infection

Question 15

subunit vaccines

Answer 15

contain only specific parts of the virus (proteins and sugars), making them safer than live vaccines

Question 16

clinical studies

Answer 16

aimed at evaluating a medical or behavioral intervention

Question 17

double blind

Answer 17

neither the participant nor the researcher know who is the control or experimental group, reducing bias and increasing reliability

Question 18

cohort

Answer 18

a group of individuals sharing a common characteristic which is then followed and observed

Question 19

case control

Answer 19

researchers identify individuals with a specific condition, and compare it to individuals without the condition

Question 20

computer modeling

Answer 20

helps visualize molecules and substances, and then a software is used to design molecules as potential drugs, since the effectiveness is closely related to the chemicals presented in the three dimensional shape of the molecules

Question 21

nuclear medicine

Answer 21

• medical imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose and treat
• radiopharmaceuticals are injected or ingested and they accumulate in specific organs
• the readiopharmaceutucal emits gamma rays that are detected by cameras and show the functioning and structure of organs
• it is also used in therapy, where higher doses of radioactive materials are delivered to specific targets to treat conditions