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Cog. Psych - Final Exam > Cognitive Neuroscience (CH. 2) > Flashcards

Cognitive Neuroscience (CH. 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Dualism

A

No, or very limited, relationship. Brain is physical, mind is non-physical

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2
Q

Reductionism

A

Mind is a by-product of brain processes, and irrelevant for understanding behaviour (e.g., exhaust from a car)

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3
Q

Dual-Aspect Theory

A

Two levels of description/investigation of the same thing

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4
Q

The Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): everything else

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5
Q

What Are the Basic Parts of a Neuron?

A

Cell body: contains the nucleus and cellular machinery
Dendrites: detect incoming signals
Axon: transmits signals to other neuron’s; all or non

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6
Q

Cells of the Brain

A

EPSP: excitatory postsynaptic potential
IPSP: inhibitory postsynaptic potential

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7
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

A thin covering on the outer surface of the forebrain; 3mm thick on average and makes up 50-80% of the human brain

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8
Q

Lobes in the Cerebral Cortex

A

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, and Occipital

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9
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

the lobe of the brain in each cerebral hemisphere that includes the prefrontal area and the primary motor projection area

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10
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

The lobe of the cortex lying inward and down from the temples; in each cerebral hemisphere, includes the primary auditory projection area, Wernicke’s area, and, subcortically, the amygdala and hippocampus

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11
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

The lobe in each cerebral hemisphere that lies between the occipital and frontal lobes and that includes some of the primary sensory projection areas, as well as circuits that are crucial for the control of attention

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12
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

The rearmost lobe in each cerebral hemisphere, and the one that includes the primary visual projection area

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13
Q

Subcortical Structures

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and basal ganglia

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14
Q

Thalamus

A

Serves as a major relay and integration centre for sensory information

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15
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in the creation of long-term memory and spatial memory

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls simple motivated behaviour such as eating, drinking, sexual activity, etc.

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17
Q

Amygdala

A

Major processing centre for emotions

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18
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Habitual behaviour

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19
Q

Functional Organization of the Brain: Sensory

A

Sensory
- Primary: first cortical receiving area of sensory input
- Secondary: further perceptual processing

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20
Q

Functional Organization of the Brain: Motor

A

Motor
- Primary: last cortical area before motor output
- Secondary: motor planning and control

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21
Q

How Does Lateralization Work?

A

Commissures: one of the thick bundles of fibres along with information is sent back and forth between the two cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

What Does the Corpus Callosum Do?

A

Links the left and right cerebral hemispheres

23
Q

How Have We Learned About the Mind/Brain

A
  • Recording neurons (activity of groups of neurons, or action potentials)
  • Lesion studies (animal and human)
  • Contemporary approaches (EEG, fMRI, TMS)
24
Q

What is Electrocorticography (ECoG)?

A

Invasively measuring electrical activity from large areas of the cortex

25
Q

Benefits of Electrocorticography (ECoG)

A
  • Direct measure of neural activity
  • High spatial specificity; individual neurons or groups of neurons
  • High temporal specificity; sub millisecond timing
26
Q

Limitations of Electrocorticography (ECoG)

A
  • Invasive; usually limited to non-human animals or surgical patients
  • Often requires animal to be sacrificed
  • Limited insight into large-scale network properties of the brain
27
Q

Lesion Studies

A

If area X does Y, then damaging area X should impair Y; studies allow for stronger conclusions regarding functional specificity of a particular region

28
Q

Benefits of Lesion Studies

A
  • Can provide evidence for a causal role of brain area
  • Can provide evidence for distinct neural systems: double association
29
Q

Limitations of Lesion Studies

A
  • Naturally-occurring lesions are rarely limited to individual brain area
  • Functional reorganization through cortical plasticity, makes it difficult to draw conclusions about affected brain regions
30
Q

What is Neuroimaging?

A

Non-invasive methods for examining either the structure or the activations pattern within a living brain

31
Q

Structural Types of Neuroimaging

A
  1. Computerized axial tomography (CT) scans
  2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans
32
Q

Functional Types of Neuroimaging

A
  1. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans
  2. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
33
Q

What is a CT Scan?

A

A neuroimaging technique that uses X-rays to construct a precise three-dimensional image of the brain’s anatomy

34
Q

What is a PET Scan?

A

A neuroimaging technique that determines how much glucose (the brain’s fuel) is being used by specific areas of the brain at a particular moment in time

35
Q

What is an MRI Scan?

A

A neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic fields (created by radio waves) to construct a detailed three-dimensional representation of brain tissue (reveal the brain’s anatomy but much more precise than CT scans)

36
Q

What is an fMRI Scan?

A

A neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic fields to construct a detailed three-dimensional representation of the activity levels in different areas of the brain at a particular moment in time

37
Q

Benefits of fMRI

A
  • Non-invasive
  • Very good spatial resolution (mm precision)
38
Q

Limitations of fMRI

A
  • Expensive: $500/hr
  • Poor temporal resolution
39
Q

What is Electroencephalography (EEG)?

A

A recording of voltage changes occurring at the scalp that reflect activity in the brain underneath

40
Q

Strengths and Weaknesses of EEG

A
  • Very high temporal resolution (ms)
  • Very low spatial resolution (not useful for localizing brain activity)
  • Very noisy, can only observe large signals in raw EEG, like sleep waves (need lots of repeated measurement)
  • Can only provide correlation data
41
Q

What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?

A

A technique in which a series of strong magnetic pulses at a specific location on the scalp causes temporary disruption in the brain region directly underneath the scalp area

42
Q

What is Apraxias?

A

A disturbance in the capacity to initiate or organize voluntary action, often caused by brain damage

43
Q

What is Agnosia?

A

A disturbance in a person’s ability to identify familiar objects

44
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

A disruption to language capacities, often caused by brain damage

45
Q

What is Unilateral Neglect Syndrome?

A

A pattern of symptoms in which affected individuals ignore all inputs coming from one side of space (e.g., individuals with this syndrome put only one of their arms into their jackets, eat food from only half of their plates, and read only half of words)

46
Q

What are Neurons?

A

An individual cell within the nervous system

47
Q

What are Glia?

A

A type of cell found in the CNS and play a key role in guiding the initial development of neural connections

48
Q

What are Dendrites?

A

The part of a neuron that usually detects the incoming signal

49
Q

What is an Axon?

A

The part of a neuron that typically transmits a signal away from the neuron’s cell body and carries the signal to another location

50
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

The area that includes the presynaptic membrane of one neuron, the postsynaptic membrane of another neuron, and the tiny gap between them

51
Q

PREsynaptic Membrane

A

The cell membrane of the neuron “sending” information across the synapse

52
Q

POSTsynaptic membrane

A

The cell membrane of the neuron “receiving” information across the synapse

53
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

One of the chemicals released by neurons to stimulate adjacent neurons

54
Q

What is Action Potential?

A

The physical basis of the signal sent from one end of a neuron to the other; it usually triggers a further (chemical) signal to other neurons

Cog. Psych - Final Exam (13 decks)

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