Chapter 7

Question 1

Neuromuscular efficiency

Answer 1

Neuromuscular system to allow the agonists, synergistic, stabilizers, and neutralizers to work together in all 3 planes of motion

Question 2

Proprioception

Answer 2

Cumulative neural input to the CNS from all Mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movement

Question 3

Kinesthesia

Answer 3

Conscious awareness of joint movement and position resulting from proprioception input

Question 4

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 4

Neural receptors embedded in connective tissue; convert mechanical distortions of the tissue into neural codes

Question 5

Ruffini afferents

Answer 5

Joint receptors mechanically sensitive to stress; activated during extreme extension and/or rotation

Question 6

Paciniform afferents

Answer 6

Widely distributed around joint capsule; sensitive to local compression and tensile loading

Question 7

Golgi afferents

Answer 7

In ligaments and menisci; high-threshold, slow adapting; mechanically sensitive to tensile loads

Question 8

Nocioceptors

Answer 8

Afferents located in articular tissue; sensitive to mechanical deformation and pain

Question 9

Dynamic joint stabilization

Answer 9

Ability of kinetic chain to stabilize a joint during movement

Question 10

Multi-sensory condition

Answer 10

Training environment that provides heightened stimulation to proprioceptors and mechanoreceptors

Question 11

Controlled instability

Answer 11

Training environment as unstable as can be safely controlled

Question 12

Balance-stabilization exercises

Answer 12

Little joint motion of the balance leg; used in stabilization level of OPT model

Question 13

Balance-strength exercises

Answer 13

Eccentric and concentric movement of the balance leg, full ROM, used in strength level of OPT model

Question 14

Balance-power exercises

Answer 14

Hopping from one foot to another, hopping on same foot, requires optimal reactive joint stabilization, used in power level of OPT model