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Biomedical Lab III > lab 10 > Flashcards

lab 10 Flashcards

1
Q

why are drugs that act on the CNS invaluable therapeutically?

A

bc they can produce specific psychological and physiological effects

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2
Q

drugs that affect the CNS can,,,,,

A

selectively relieve pain, reduce fever, suppress disordered movements, induce sleep or arousal, reduce the desire to eat, or allay the tendency to vomit

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3
Q

______ allows modern surgery to be possible

A

general anesthetics

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4
Q

in the CNS, receptors to most synapses are coupled to what?

A

ion channels

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5
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical messengers that bind to postsynaptic membrane receptors.
results in a RAPID and TRANSIENT opening of ion channels which allows ions to move inside and outside of the cell membrane

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6
Q

what occurs when ions move into/out of the cell membrane?

A

this alters the postsynaptic resting membrane potential which generates an ACTION POTENTIAL

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7
Q

how can neurotransmitters be classified

A

either as excitatory or inhibitory (depending on the nature of the action)

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8
Q

the stimulation of EXCITATORY neurons causes what?

A

the movement of sodium ions into the membrane, resulting in DEPOLARIZATION of the postsynaptic membrane

this EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential) leads to the generation of an action potential

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9
Q

when inhibitory neurons are stimulated, what occurs?

A

a movement of CHLORIDE ions into the cell membrane and/or POTASSIUM ions OUT of the cell membrane

this causes HYPERPOLARIZATION of the postynaptic membrane. IPSP generated which BLOCKS the generation of an action potential if the resting potential becomes too negative

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10
Q

true or false

most neurons in the CNS receive only IPSP input

A

false – both EPSP and IPSP input

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11
Q

most neurons in the CNS receive both IPSP and EPSP input.

thus….

A

several neurotransmitters may act on the same neuron, but each to its own specific receptor

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12
Q

true or false

only 1 neurotransmitter can act on a neuron at a time

A

FALSE

most neurons receive both EPSP and IPSP input, thus SEVERAL neurotransmitters may act on 1 neuron, but each to their own specific receptor

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13
Q

name 3 drugs that cause hyperpolarization

A

GABA
barbiturates
chlorpromazine

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14
Q

name 2 drugs that cause depolarization

A

caffeine
PTZ

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15
Q

drugs that cause hyperpolarization are called ______ and generate ____

A

depressants
generate IPSP

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16
Q

drugs that cause depolarization are called ___ and generate ____

A

stimulants and generate EPSP

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17
Q

in hyperpolarization, what ions are moving?

A

chloride into the cell and/or potassium out of the cell

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18
Q

give the mV during hyperpolarization

A

-90mv

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19
Q

give the mv of the normal resting membrane

A

-65 - -70mv

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20
Q

give the mV of a depolarized membrane

A

+30mv

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21
Q

what ions are moving in depolarization

A

sodium comes in, and after the sodium channel closes, potassium goes out of the cell

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22
Q

neurotransmitters can produce how many types of impulses?
name them

A

2

EPSP - excitatory postsynaptic potential

IPSP - Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

23
Q

dopamine and ____ generate an ____

A

acetycholine

EPSP

24
Q

GABA and _____ generate an _____

A

serotonin
IPSP

25
Q

EPSP results in and initiates….
IPSP results in and initiates…

A

EPSP results in depolarization and the initiation of an action potential

IPSP results in hyperpolarization and the INHIBITION of an action potential

26
Q

___ and ____ generate an EPSP

A

dopamine and acetylcholine

27
Q

___ and ___ generate an IPSP

A

GABA and serotonin

28
Q

EPSP controls the ___ of ___ ions

A

inflow of sodium ions

29
Q

IPSP controls the ___ of ___ ions

A

outflow of potassium ions
inflow of chloride ions

30
Q

what is dopamine?

A

a neurotransmitter that is released in the DOPAMINERGIC neurons

generates an EPSP, leading to EXCITATORY EFFECTS

31
Q

Name an antagonist that competes with dopamine and what they can be used as

A

CPZ - chlorpromazine is an antagonist to dopamine at the D2 receptors

can be used as neuroleptic agents

32
Q

give 3 components of the neuroleptic response of CPZ (chlorpromazine)

A
  1. decreases agitation
  2. drowsiness
  3. dizziness
33
Q

true or false

caffeine is a stimulant

A

true

34
Q

caffeine is a ___ antagonist

A

adenosine

35
Q

how is caffeine a stimulant?

A

it further enhances excitatory effects by affecting various receptors in the neuron that are responsible for dopamine levels in synapse and blood stream

IT INCREASES DOPAMINE LEVELS

36
Q

what does adenosine do

A

it controls the release of dopamine

does this by binding to the adenosine receptor at the axon terminal and REDUCES dopamine release

37
Q

explain how caffeine is an antagonist to adenosine

A

caffeine binds to adenosine receptors and thus causes dopamine to be released and dopamine receptors to open up for binding

(adenosine inhibits the release of dopamine and caffeine does the opposite)

38
Q

what does GABA stand for

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid

39
Q

what is GABA

A

a neurotransmitter released in GABA-aminergic neurons

acts to generate an IPSP

40
Q

true or false

GABA is a neurotransmitter that acts to generate an EPSP

A

FALSE IPSP

41
Q

how does GABA generate an IPSP

A

when GABA binds to 2 possible receptors – GABA-A and GABA-B

42
Q

what are the overall effects when GABA binds to GABA A or GABA B

A

sedation
anxiolytic
muscle relaxation
anti-seizure

43
Q

name 2 GABA agonists and explain how they work

A

barbiturates and benzodiazepines

they will enhance the effect, but ONLY WHEN GABA IS PRESENT

44
Q

name a GABA antagonist

A

PTZ (pentylenetetrazole)

45
Q

explain how PTZ is a GABA antagonist

A

antagonizes the effects of GABA due to competition at the receptor site

stimulates the CNS

46
Q

explain the GABA A receptor and the GABA B receptor

A

GABA A = ligand gated ion channel - ionotropic - forms Cl- channel

GABA B = GPCR

47
Q

binding to the GABA A receptor results in…

A

increased Cl- conductance

causes sedation, anxiolytic activity, muscle relaxation, and anti seizure

48
Q

binding to GABA-B receptor and g protein results in…..

A

K+ conductance
inhibitory in nature

49
Q

name a GABA antagonist

A

PTZ (pentylenetetrazole)

50
Q

true or false

barbiturates are GABA agonists and result in IPSPs

A

true

51
Q

tonic vs clonic convulsion

A

tonic = all paws are extended

clonic - front and rear paws drawn in and extended out alternately

52
Q

what is the antidote for convulsions caused by PTZ

A

2x dose of pentobarbital

53
Q
A

Biomedical Lab III (10 decks)

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