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parasitology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Parasites as prey

A

Things that exist as large numbers are food for other species
- another creature can feed
- organisms that eat parasites because compatibility filter are closed, they can be eaten

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2
Q

majority of environments

A

parasites play nonlegable roles in food webs

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3
Q

Metabolic theory

A

relationship between body size and reprodoctive rate
- larger organisms require more energy

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4
Q

Smaller organisms with higher metabolic rate

A

lose heat faster but require fewer resources

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5
Q

Parasites are outliers of metabolic theory

A
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6
Q

Parasites interact with other stressors to modulate host fitness

A

Temporary are more stressful environments. orgs could try to compete with water is drying

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7
Q

Control

A

infection/Transmission vs. Morbidity

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8
Q
  1. Elimination of disease
A

as a public health problem

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9
Q
  1. Elimination of infections
A

in a defined geographic area

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10
Q
  1. Eradication
A

no longer “out there”

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11
Q
  1. Extinction
A

no longer ANYWHERE

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12
Q

Why should we seek to eliminate parasitic disease?

A

expensive and vicious cycle of disease

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13
Q

role of human condition in parasitic transmission

A
  • disease of poverty
  • lack of access to adequate sanitation
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14
Q

Access to water, sanitation, hygeine…

A

critical for all parasitic disease with fecal-oral (trophoc accident) transmission to and/or from humans

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15
Q

(3) the toles of human behavior in oarasitic transmission

A
  1. dietary choices, eating raw meat/fish
  2. use of human feces for fertilizer
  3. use of raw animal flesh as poultice
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16
Q

(4) How to prevent trophically transmitted infections

A
  1. modern farming practices + food inspections
  2. cook at meat
  3. no consumption of game
  4. going veg(etari)an
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17
Q

Anasakiasis

A
  • nematode infection
  • L3 larvae penetrate human stomach lining after comsumption
  • fishing, when they didnt gut first, they got sick
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18
Q

(2) targeting vectors to control vector borne disease

A
  1. behavioral interventions - teach humans to avoid bites
  2. improve dwellings - screens on windows, rood made w/ non infestive material
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19
Q

biological control (targeting vectors to control vector borne diseases

A

introduce (or increase abundance) of a species that will kill the vector

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20
Q

Biological control consequences

A

becomes invasive when they have no natural predators

21
Q

Tse Tse flies

A

blue colors in mesh that has insecticide attracts flies that has T. brucei gambiense

22
Q

transgenic vectors

A
  • reducing pop. fecundity
  • making the vectors resistant to infection
23
Q

inducible toxin expression

A

tet repressor prevents expression of a dominant lethal gene in males
in the absence of tetracycline, males die

24
Q

why are there more anti-parasitic vaccines available to vetinary use

A

safety thresholf is lower than for human vaccines

25
Q

(5) effective vaccine characteristics

A
  1. safety
  2. protective
  3. sustained protection
  4. induction of humoral and cell-mediated responses
  5. practical considerations
26
Q

(5) Why is it so difficult to make a good anti-parasitc vaccine?

A
  1. Absence of natural sterililizing immunity after exposure to infection
  2. antigenic variation
  3. strain-specific variation of key antigens
  4. need for a strong cellular (not humoral) response
  5. Developmental variations
27
Q

what are the 2 antiparasitic vaccines for human use?

A
  1. Unlicensed leishmania vaccine (live parasite). Discontinued
  2. RTS,S subunit vaccine, Plasmodium liver stage
28
Q

Vaccine strategies: Whole Organism

A
  1. Vaccinate wtih a closely related strain/species that is safe
  2. Heat-killed
  3. Attenuated
29
Q

Vaccine strategies: Recombinant, subunit vaccines

A

acellular vaccines that target one (or a few) parasites proteins

30
Q

Whole Organism Vaccines: Pros and cons

A

Pro: Greater efficacy
Con: lesser safety

31
Q

Subunit Vaccines: Pros and cons

A

Pro: Greater safety
Con: Lesser efficacy

32
Q

Conjugate vaccine: subunit vaccine

A

multiple antigens to procoke strong B cell and T cell responses

33
Q

DNA vaccine

A

Human transfecction
The vaccinee will produce the protein to drive the immune response

34
Q

mRNA Vaccine

A
35
Q

Adjuvant

A
  • something that enhances the immune response to an antigen
  • adjuvants do not induce immunity by themselves
  • usually critical for subunit vaccines
36
Q

Antimalarial/antiplasmodial vaccines

A

anti-sporozoites
anti-liver stage
ant-asexual blood stage
anti-gametocytes

37
Q

Targetint the sporozoite/liver stage

A

requires an abortive liver stage

38
Q

Chemoprevention (prophylaxis)

A

Use of small molecules (aka drugs) to PREVENT a disease/infection

39
Q

Chemotherapy

A

use of small molecules (aka drugs) to TREAT a disease

40
Q

What makse a good antiparasitic drug?

A

Specificity: kills parasites, but not hosts

41
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Toxic(human) dose / Effective (antiparasitic) dose

42
Q

How do antiparasitic drugs work? + ideal

A

many different mechanisms of action but IDEALLY target an essential enzyme or pathway in the parasite not found in humans

43
Q

ATP competitive inhibitors

A

drugs could work by competing with ATP for occupancy of the bidning pocket

44
Q

Targeting Vectors - Drugs (insecticides)

A

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltricloroethane
-killed chickens and birds. therefore inhibition of calcium, weak eggs

45
Q

DDT resistance in mosquitos

A

in the card

46
Q

How does drug resistance emerge

A
  • naturally
  • resistance alleles are always present, can be selsected by drug pressure
47
Q

Monotherapies select for drug resistance

A

Drug with all possible resistance drugs instead of one by one
combination therapy

48
Q

Praziquantel

A

key therapy for schistomiasis

49
Q
A

parasitology (3 decks)

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