improvements to Australia's health status - Unit 3 AOS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

improvements to Australia’s health status - life expectancy

A
  • Australia’s life expectancy has increased over time from 1900
  • This is mostly due to decreased mortality rates including infant and under 5 mortality rates
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2
Q

improvements to Australia’s health status - mortality rates

A
  • Corresponding to increased life expectancy, Australia’s mortality rates have decreased since 1900 to the present day
  • They have not consistently decreased but have increased for certain periods of time while maintaining a steady decrease over time.
  • This is mostly due to a decrease in infectious diseases over time.
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3
Q

public health

A
  • Refers to the ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health status and prevent disease.
  • Changes in Australia’s health status since 1900 have occurred mainly due to
    changes in approaches to public health and developments in science and
    technologies.
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4
Q

old public health

A
  • An approach that was developed at the beginning of the twentieth century which involved improving safety and changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of infectious, parasitic and respiratory diseases.
  • At the beginning of the twentieth century, living conditions were very poor, resulting in an increase in spread of diseases
  • A need emerged to reform the physical environment and develop technology to prevent the spread of disease.
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5
Q

old public health policies

A
  • Government-funded water and sewage systems and better sanitation – this improved quality of drinking water, thus decreasing rates of diseases such as diarrhea and typhoid.
  • Quarantine laws - strict quarantine laws were implemented including travel laws to minimise the spread of diseases between communities and between countries.
  • Better quality housing – improved housing quality such as ventilation, reducing mould and preveinting respiratory diseases. Attempts were made to make better use of land, reducing overcrowding, thus preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
  • Improved food and nutrition – improvements in safety and standards of foods reduces the risk of diseases from bacteria, toxins and viruses.
  • Improved working conditions – improves safely in the workplace reduced the risk of injuries
  • More hygienic birthing practices – improved hygiene practices from midwifes reduced infant and under 5mortality rates.
  • Discovery of vaccines - The discovery of vaccines allowed for the mass vaccinations for a range of diseases, reducing or eliminating many diseases.
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6
Q

The biomedical approach to health

A
  • an approach to health which focusses on the biological aspects of disease or illness.
  • it works to diagnose, treat and cure diseases once they have developed, using medical technology.
  • It emerged during the period of old public health and helped with the discovery of many medical technologies.
  • antibiotics to help treat infectious diseases such as pneumonia
  • discovery of vaccines
  • stethoscope to detect for CVD and the lung bypass machine
  • Xray’s, MRIs, bone scans and surgeries for cancer
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7
Q

evaluation of the biomedical approach

A

advantages
- Illnesses and conditions can be effectively treated and symptoms can be managed.

  • It improves quality of life and health adjusted life expectancy as many conditions can be manages and pain and suffering reduced.
  • Improved life expectancy as many past causes of death can now be treated and cured.
  • It can lead to the development of new medical technologies. Research and development for the treatment of a particular disease or illness can result in new medical or technology being discovered.
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8
Q

disadvantages of the biomedical approach

A
  • This approach can be costly as it relies on people with specialist knowledge. The use of medication and the cost pf equipment can be very expensive. Not all individuals can afford these medical technologies and procedures.
  • It does not always promote good health and wellbeing as it encourages quick fix solutions. It focusses on the condition itself and not the causes of it.
  • The biomedical model of heath cannot be used to treat all diseases. For example, some diseases, such as cancer may not be able to be treated and cured one they develop and spread.
  • The biomedical model of heath can cause a waste of healthcare resources. This is because the treatment of many diseases such as obesity and CVD could have bene prevented through health promoting behaviors.
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9
Q

new public health

A
  • An approach that expands on the traditional knowledge of behaviours and lifestyle changes to promote health and wellbeing to one which involves preventing diseases through promotion of sociocultural and political environments
  • Focuses on preventing diseases form happening in the first place
  • it can still use medical technology however it is used to detect illnesses and diseases as early as possible as a preventative measure.
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10
Q

the social model of health

A
  • The social model of health is an approach to health that aims to address the broader determinants of health including social, cultural, environmental and economic factors in order to prevent illness/disease from occurring in the first place.
  • It is based on the understanding that that health is linked to a range of social and environmental factors, and that these must be addressed for health gains to occur.
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11
Q

principles of the social model of health

A
  • Acts to enable access to healthcare – ensures everyone within a community can access healthcare without facing barriers such as SES, gender, language or location.
  • Acts to reduce social inequalities – ensures all social groups have the same access to resources that improve their H+W. It attempts to address social inequalities such as race, culture and SES and ensure that these barriers are removed or reduced.
  • Involves intersectoral collaboration – public and private sectors of the economy work together to achieve health related goals. Government and non-government organisations need to collaborate.
  • Address the broader determinants (factors) of health – broader factors of health such as gender, location and SES need to be addressed for positive health outcomes to be adressed
  • Empowers individual and communities – inspiring individuals and communities to recognise their role in promoting their own H+W
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12
Q

evaluation of the social model of health

A

advantages
- It Is less expensive than the biomedical model of health. Although health promotion campaigns can be expensive, it it is less compared to expensive medications and technologies.
- It focusses on vulnerable population groups through the principle of acting to reduce social inequalities
- It promotes good H+W by focusing on the broader determinants of health and assisting in preventing diseases. It also helps to prevent diseases form occurring in the first place, therefore reducing the likelihood of needing medications and expensive procedures.
- It focusses on education which can be passed down from generation to generation, therefore, promoting sustainable H+W.

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13
Q

disadvantages on the social model of health

A
  • It relies on people to implement behaviour changes to prevent diseases and illnesses. Not all medical conditions can be treated such as genetic conditions.
  • It requires individuals to be cooperative. The health promotion messages may be ignored.
  • It does not account for people who are already sick. Once sick, the biomedical model of health is required.
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14
Q

the Ottawa charter for health promotion

A

an approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health. It reflects the social model of health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status, and is centred around three strategies for health promotion which includes enabling, mediating and advocating.

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15
Q

Ottawa charter strategies for health promotion

A

the Ottawa charter is based on 3 strategies for health promotion that make up effective health promotion campaigns.

  • Advocate – showing active support and initiative for health promotion, and gaining support from the government and societies that are necessary to improve health outcomes. Examples include to lobbying governments.
  • Enable – refers to reducing differences in health status, using health promotion to enable all groups of people to have equal opportunities to improve their h+w
  • Mediate – refers to ensuring that conflict between individuals, businesses or other groups can be resolved to produce positive health outcomes.
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16
Q

Ottawa charter action areas

A

the Ottawa charter outlines 5 action areas to follow in order to develop effective health promotion campaigns
- Build healthy policy – Decisions made by governments and organisations regarding laws and policies that affect health and wellbeing. Laws and policies make it more difficult for people to undertake unhealthy
behaviours and seek to make healthier choices the easier choices. For example, removing tax on healthy foods or increasing tax on tobacco.
- Create supportive environments – aims to the improve the physical and social environment by being safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable. For example, creating save roads and infrastructure and installing shaded areas in schools and parks.
- Strengthen community action – refers to encouraging links between individuals and the community, by working together to achieve a common goal or better health outcomes. For example, community immunisation programs.
- Develop personal skills – refers to educating people, allowing them to gain health related knowledge and skills so they can make informed decisions about their health. For example, brochures for pregnant women.
- Reorient health services – refers to shifting the focus from diagnosing and treating illnesses (biomedical model) to promotion strategies to prevent illness in the first place. For example, discussions with doctors around healthy eating.

17
Q

old vs new public health

A
  • both focus on preventing ill health among a population
  • both focus on population health rather than individual
  • old public health focusses on infectious diseases whereas new public health focusses on lifestyle disease
  • old public health focusses on changing the physical environment whereas new public health focusses on changing behaviours to prevent ill health
18
Q

Ottawa charter - build healthy public policy

A
  • decisions made by governments and organisations regarding laws and policies that affect health and wellbeing
  • policies that make it more difficult for people to undertake unhealthy behaviours.
  • can also include having commitment to funding ensuring health promotion campaigns can run.
  • e.g. increasing tax on cigarettes, banning smoking in public places.
19
Q

Ottawa charter - create supportive environments

A
  • aims to promote the physical and sociocultural environment for all members of the community
  • safe stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable
  • e.g. campaigns that support quitting smoking, creating smoke free environments
20
Q

Ottawa charter - strengthen community aaction

A
  • focusses on building links between individuals and community
  • centres around the community working together to achieve a common goal
  • ## motivating the community to develop and implement positive health practices
21
Q

Ottawa Charter - develop personal skills

A
  • health promotion that provides people with the knowledge and skills they need to make informed decisions about their health
22
Q

Ottawa charter - reorient health services

A
  • changing the health system so that is focusses on health promotion rather than just focussing on diagnosing and treating
  • a shift from the biomedical model
23
Q

comaprison

A

There are advantages and disadvantages with either of these approaches to health.
However, there is now an understanding that both approaches are important in
improving health and wellbeing.

24
Q

diseases contributing to changes in mortality

A
  • infectious and parasitic diseases
  • cancer
  • CVD
  • respiratory diseases
    -injuries and poisoning
25
Q

Ottawa Charter health promotion definition

A
  • Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.
26
Q

reasons for the development of the Ottawa Charter

A
  • Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.
27
Q

Biomedical model and social model -cancer

A

social
- antismoking laws and policies
- health promotion campaigns such as Quit Victoria

Biomedical
- technology to make diagnosis
- x-rays, CT scans, bone scans
- surgery and procedures to remove cancerous cells

28
Q

Biomedical model and social model - infectious and parasitic diseases

A

social
- excluding children from school if they suffer from these diseases to prevent the spread
- free vaccinations

biomedical
- technology to diagnose
- antibiotics and penicillin to treat them

29
Q

biomedical and social model - CVD (circulatory diseases)

A

social
- health promotion campaigns that encourage healthy eating and discourage smoking

biomedical
- technology to diagnose
- heart transplants
- surgery

30
Q

biomedical and social model - respiratory diseases

A

social
- health promotion campaigns to reduce smoking

biomedical
- technology to diagnose
- antibiotics
- Ventolin

31
Q

biomedical and social model - injury and poisoning

A

social
- health promotion campaigns
- legislation
- road safety campaigns

biomedical
- technology to diagnose
- surgery
- antibiotics tp treat infections following injury