Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

The human body and homeostasis > Levels of structural organisation, body systems and organism characteristics > Flashcards

Levels of structural organisation, body systems and organism characteristics Flashcards

Define anatomy and physiology; describe the body's six levels of structural organisation; list the 11 systems of the human body, representative organs in each, and their general functions; define the important life processes of the human body

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

The science of body structures and the relationships among them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define physiology

A

The science of body functions i.e. how the body parts work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The body is made up of 6 levels of structural organisation.
Can you list the levels from smallest to largest?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System
  6. Organismal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The chemical level of organisation is the smallest and most basic.
Describe the chemical level of organisation

A

Atoms e.g. carbon, oxygen, which participate in chemical reactions and molecules e.g. DNA, glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the seven atoms which are essential for maintaining life

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium, Sulphur
(CHONPCaS!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the cellular level of organisation

A

Combinations of molecules forming the smallest living units in the body, e.g. nerve cells, epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the tissue level of organisation

A

Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to form a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues in the body?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscular tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. It covers body surfaces
  2. Lines hollow organs and cavities
  3. Forms glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. It connects, supports, and protects body organs
  2. It distributes blood vessels to other tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two functions of muscular tissue?

A
  1. It contracts to make body parts move
  2. It generates heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

It carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are organs?

A

Structures made of two or more types of tissue which have a specific function and usually have recognisable shapes, e.g. liver, heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the system level of organisation. A system…

A

Consists of related organs with a common function e.g. the digestive system which involves many organs including the stomach, liver and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the eleven systems of the human body

A
  1. Integumentary system
  2. Skeletal system
  3. Muscular system
  4. Nervous system
  5. Endocrine system
  6. Cardiovascular system
  7. Lymphoid system
  8. Respiratory system
  9. Digestive system
  10. Urinary system
  11. Genital (Reproductive) system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Can organs be part of more than one (organ) system?

A

Yes
E.g. the pancreas is part of both the digestive system and the endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the six components of the integumentary system

A
  1. Skin
  2. Hair
  3. Fingernails
  4. Toenails
  5. Sweat glands
  6. Oil glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List the six general functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. Protects the body
  2. Helps regulate body temperature
  3. Eliminates some wastes
  4. Helps make vitamin D
  5. Detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth and cold
  6. Stores fat and provides insulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the three components of the skeletal system

A
  1. Bones
  2. Joints and 3. Associated cartilages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List the five general functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Supports and protects the body
  2. Provides surface area for muscle attachments
  3. Aids body movements
  4. Houses cells that produce blood cells
  5. Stores minerals and lipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Identify the key component of the muscular system

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

22
Q

List the three general functions of the muscular system

A
  1. Participates in body movements such as walking
  2. Maintains posture
  3. Major source of heat production
23
Q

Name the four components of the nervous system

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
  3. Nerves
  4. Special sense organs (e.g. eyes and ears)
24
Q

List the three general functions of the nervous system

A
  1. Generates action potentials to regulate body activities
  2. Detects changes in body’s internal and external environments
  3. Interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
25
Q

Name the ten hormone producing glands of the endocrine system

A
  1. Pineal gland
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pituitary gland
  4. Thymus
  5. Thyroid gland
  6. Parathyroid gland
  7. Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
  8. Pancreas
  9. Ovaries
  10. Testes
26
Q

Besides the ten hormone producing glands, what are the other components of the endocrine system?

A

Hormone-producing cells in several other organs

27
Q

What is the key function of the endocrine system?

What it aims to achieve and how it does it

A

To regulate body activities by releasing hormones

28
Q

Name the three components of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood
  3. Blood vessels
29
Q

List the four general functions of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
  2. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
  3. Blood helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluids
  4. Blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
30
Q

Name the seven components of the lymphoid system

A
  1. Lymphatic fluid
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Spleen
  4. Thymus
  5. Lymph nodes
  6. Tonsils
  7. Cells which carry out immune responses (B and T cells)
31
Q

List the three general functions of the lymphoid system

A
  1. Returns proteins and fluid to blood
  2. Carries lipids from the GI tract to blood
  3. Contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
32
Q

Name the five components of the respiratory system

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchial Tubes
33
Q

List the three general functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
  2. Helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
  3. Air flowing out of the lungs through vocal cords produces sounds
34
Q

Name the eleven components of the digestive system

Seven organs of the digestive canal and 4 accessory organs

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small Intestine
  6. Large Intestine
  7. Anus

Accessory organs:
8. Salivary glands
9. Liver
10. Gallbladder
11. Pancreas

35
Q

List the three general functions of the digestive system

A
  1. Physical and chemical breakdown of food
  2. Absorbs nutrients
  3. Eliminates solid waste
36
Q

Name the four components of the urinary system

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Ureters
  3. Urinary bladder
  4. Urethra
37
Q

List the five general functions of the urinary system

A
  1. Produces, stores and eliminates urine
  2. Eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
  3. Helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids
  4. Maintain’s body’s mineral balance
  5. Helps regulate the production of red blood cells
38
Q

Name the one component of the genital system which is common to both males and females

A
  1. Gonads (testes/ovaries)
39
Q

Name the five associated organs of the genital system which are exclusive to females

A
  1. Uterine tubes
  2. Uterus
  3. Vagina
  4. Clitoris
  5. Mammary Glands
40
Q

Name the five associated organs of the genital system which are exclusive to males

Excludes testes which are grouped under gonads common to males + females

A
  1. Epididymis
  2. Ductus Deferens
  3. Seminal Glands
  4. Prostate
  5. Penis
41
Q

List the four general functions of the genital system

A
  1. Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism
  2. Gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
  3. Associated organs transport and store gametes
  4. Mammary glands produce milk
42
Q

What is an organism?
Describe the organismal level of organisation

A

Any living thing
All the parts of the human body functioning together

43
Q

What six processes distinguish organisms (living things) from non-living things?

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
44
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

45
Q

What are the two phases of metabolism?

A
  1. Catabolism (break down)
  2. Anabolism (build up)
46
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

47
Q

Does the heartbeat count as movement as a basic life process?

A

Yes
Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells and tiny structures inside cells all count as movement

48
Q

What is growth?

A

Increase in body size from cells becoming larger and/or more numerous

49
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Undifferentiated cell (stem cells) > Differentiated cell

50
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A
  1. Formation of new cells for growth, repair and replacement
  2. The production of a new individual
51
Q

What are the three different losses of function which clinically indicate death in the human body?

A
  1. Loss of the heartbeat
  2. Loss of spontaneous breathing
  3. Loss of brain functions

The human body and homeostasis (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions