Crime prevention, punishment and control, including the role of prisons

Question 1

what is the role of the police?

Answer 1

To enforce law by protecting the public and catching criminals

Question 2

What is the role of the court?

Answer 2

Did determine guilt and impose appropriate sentences

Question 3

What is the role of police and courts for functionalist, subculture theorists, urban criminologist and those who hold right wing prospectives?

Answer 3

to catch and punish mainly male working class criminals as most crime is committed by this group so it’s inevitable that the main role of the police and courts will be to deal with them and protect the rest of the law abiding population

Question 4

What is the role of the court and police according to social action theorists?

Answer 4

To label some groups is more criminal than others, and target and arrest them from this perspective. The working class only appears to be more criminal and the court impose he sentences on them.

Question 5

traditional Marxist view role of police and courts

Answer 5

Aggie that business crime and state crime is often ignored. And the role of the police is to target those with less power. Some of them add minority ethnic groups into these people there should be treated fairly by the police.

Question 6

Feminist view of role of police and courts

Answer 6

Police and course do not operate fairly and they treat men and women differently

Question 7

What is the world prison

Answer 7

9 million

Question 8

What country has the highest rate in Europe of prison population?

Answer 8

uk

Question 9

prisons have 4 key roles what are they?

Answer 9

Protect the public, punish criminal behaviour, reform criminals, deter people from crime

Question 10

do prisons work?

Answer 10

It depends on which of the key goals. Public are protected from criminals if they kept in prison. Punishment would depend on how strict you want conditions to be 70% seem to reoffend. So this obviously isn’t met. It’s difficult to measure if it’s a detteramt due to prison population

Question 11

foucault

Answer 11

Study the nature of organisations by prison and have ending to wide areas like power. He designed the Panopticon prison. A circular prism with a centre tower. This surveillance pervades all society. With the spread of CCTV and personal data held by the government wwere qll becoming prisoners.

Question 12

ron clarke basic view

Answer 12

describes situational crime prevention as a pre-emptive approach that relies on improving society or its institutions
It relies on reducing opportunities for crime

Question 13

ron clarks three features of measured aimed at situational crime prevention

Answer 13

they are involved in specific crimes
they involve managing or altering the immediate environment of the crime
That I am increasing the effort and risks of committing crime and reducing their rewards

Question 14

what is target hardening?

Answer 14

such as locking doors and windows increase the effort above needs to take. CCTV increases the likelihood of shoplifters being caught.

Question 15

Underlying situational crime prevention approaches as an opportunity or rational choice theory of crime what does this mean?

Answer 15

This is the view that criminals act rationally, weighing up the cost and benefits of a crime before deciding whether to commit it

Question 16

underlying situational crime prevention contrast with the theories of crime that stresses root causes how

Answer 16

Such as the criminals early socialisation exploitation. Deal with crime we would have to transform the socialisation of large numbers of children or a revolution. Most theories offer no realistic solutions to crime.

Question 17

marcus felson example of situational crime prevention strategy

Answer 17

Bus terminal in New York City was poorly designed and provided opportunities for TV and conduct example a place of drug selling. Reshaping the physical environment reduced it such as homeless people not being able to bath.

Question 18

Displacement

Answer 18

A criticism of situational prevention is that they don’t reduce crime but they displace it. It can take several forms such as moving someone else to commit the crime, committing it at a different time or choosing a different victim or method. 

Question 19

evaluation of situational crime prevention

Answer 19

It works for stomach stent in reducing certain types of crime. However, in most measures as some sort of displacement. It focuses on opportunity street crime. But ignores white colour and corporate crime. It assumes that criminals make rational calculations which may be unlikely in crime of violence and alcahol

Question 20

Wilson and kelling environmental crime prevention : broken window theory

Answer 20

broken windows, includes tackling graffiti, begging littering and vandalism. By leaving these things un repaired It sends out a signal that no one cares. The police are only concerned about serious crime. It becomes a magnet for deviant behaviour.

Question 21

zero tolerance policing. Wilson and kelling

Answer 21

idea that disorder leads to contrive. The solution is to crack down or any disorder instead of merely reacting to crime., they must proactively tackle even the slightest sign of disorder

Question 22

Evidence for zero tolerance policing

Answer 22

Success has been claimed, especially in New York. Such as a clean car program when they cleaned cars, I had graffiti on them.

Question 23

criticisms of zero tolerance

Answer 23

The NYPD benefited from 7000 extra there was a general decline in crime rate at the time. There was a decline and availability of cocaine.

Question 24

Social and community crime prevention- wilson & kelling

Answer 24

they show some recognition of the role of the community and informal controls and preventing crimes. so should I community prevention strategy plays emphasis on the potential offender and their social context. Aim of the strategies is to remove the conditions that predisposed individuals to crime. because causes of crime are rooted in social conditions such as poverty social reform adresses this concern. policies for full employment are likely to reduce crime

Question 25

the perry pre school project

Answer 25

for disadvantaged black children. during the time the children recieved weekley home visits. experiment of 3-4 yr olds. by age 40 they had fewer lifetime arrests. It was calculated that every dollar spent on the program $17 were saved on prison and other costs.

Question 26

detterance

Answer 26

punishing the individual encourages them from future reoffending

Question 27

Rehabilitation

Answer 27

Idea that punishment can be used to reform or change offenders so that they no longer offend. Providing education and training.

Question 28

incapacitation

Answer 28

Use of punishment to remove the capacity to defend again such as chemical castration

Question 29

Retribution

Answer 29

Means paying back. It’s a justification for punishing crimes have been committed.

Question 30

The changing role of prison

Answer 30

pre-industrial year had a wide range of punishment until the 18th century prison was made holding defenders prior to the punishment. It was only following enlightenment. The prison became a rorm of imprisonment

Question 31

Imprisonment today

Answer 31

in places that have the death-penalty regarded as a most severe form of punishment. However, it’s not proved an effective method of rehabilitation. New labour government took the view the present should be used not for serious offences but also offenders in prison a higher proportion than people then almost any other in Western Europe. It is mostly male.

Question 32

alternatives to prison

Answer 32

In the past and to go was diversion, diverted them away from criminal justice system to avoid self filling prophecy there has been a growth of community base controls like curfew

Question 33

transcarceraton

Answer 33

There’s a trend towards this. The idea that the individuals been locked into a cycle. This is a product of the blurring of boundaries between criminal justice and welfare agencies for example health and social services