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Small Animal Medicine > Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac Cycle - How it works!
1. Diastole
2. Systole

A
  1. Diastole:
    Heart muscle is relaxed and all chambers fill with blood
  2. Systole:
    Heart muscle contraction wave beginning at atria and then through ventricles moves blood from heart chambers into great vessels
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2
Q

Electrocardiography
What can it record?
How does the activity move across the heart?

A
  1. It can record:
    - Electrical activity by an ECG
  2. Movement:
    - Electrical activity moves across heart from the SA node and AV node
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3
Q

Muscle contraction of heart is carefully orchestrated by an electrical system called ____.

A

Electrocardiography

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4
Q

SA node and AV node’s role in the heart

A

SA Node: The pacemaker
AV Node: The signal booster

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5
Q

P wave:
QRS wave:
T wave:

A
  • P wave: Atria contraction
  • QRS wave: Ventricles contract
  • T wave: Muscle relaxation
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6
Q

Sinus rhythm

A

Normal, steady rhythm

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7
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Abnormal heart rhythm

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8
Q

Tachycardia

A

Fast heart

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9
Q

Asystole

A

No contraction

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10
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart

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11
Q

The two categories of heart disease are:
1. Myocardial Dysfunction
2. Circulatory Failure
What are they?

A
  1. Any disease that leads to “pump failure”
  2. Inadequate/ineffective circulating fluid volume
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12
Q

Clinical signs of cardiovascular disease. Must have one or more of the following eight:

A
  1. Exercise intolerance or weakness (dropping in tracks).
  2. Tachypnea or dyspnea
  3. Coughing (soft may = heart issue)
  4. Syncope (fainting)
  5. Abnormal HR or heart rhythm
  6. Abnormal pulse quality or pulse deficit
  7. Prolonged CRT
  8. Ascites (free fluid in abdomen)
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13
Q

Ascites

A

Free fluid in abdomen

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14
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Non-specific term referring to any heart disease that leads to very significant “heart pump” insufficiency and compensatory mechanisms of the body cause fluid to accumulate in the tissues

  • Take away:
    “any heart disease that leads to very significant “heart pump” insufficiency”
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14
Q

Circulatory failure pathology (2)

A
  • Insufficient blood vol to deliver to tissues.
  • Insufficient vascular pressure to deliver oxygen to tissues.
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15
Q

Circulatory failure causes (5)

A
  1. Anemia (HCT <15)
  2. Dehydration (>12%)
  3. Vasculitis (inflam of blood vessel walls)
  4. Hypotension (MAP <60)
  5. Shock
16
Q

Free fluid accumulates in pleural cavity &/or abdominal cavity is ____ heart failure.

Fluid accumulates in the lungs is ____ heart failure.

A
  1. Right side heart failure
  2. Left side heart failure
17
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
1. Pathology
2. Dx
3. Hereditary in dog breeds

A
  1. Pathology:
    - Heart muscle becomes thin & flabby
    - Heart chambers enlarge to compensate
    - Heart arrhythmias are common
  2. Dx:
    - Radiographs, ultrasound, EKG consistent with heart enlargement &/or heart failure
  3. Hereditary dogs:
    - Doberman, Boxers, Cocker Spaniels, St. Bernard’s (etc)
18
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy of Cats (3)

A
  • Rare in US, caused by taurine deficient diets
  • Can be reversed if high diet provided & cat survives 1st two weeks of heart failure
  • Extreme care is needed when handling heart failure cats to prevent SVDDEN DEATH!!
19
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
1. Pathology:
2. Dx:
3. Hereditary in cats:

A
  1. Pathology:
    - Thickened heart muscle with very small chamber size.
    - Thromboembolism* to caudal aorta is possible fatal complication (*obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot)
  2. Dx:
    - Radiographs, ECG, echocardiogram
  3. Hereditary:
    - Maincoons & ragdolls
20
Q

T/F: HCM can be common due to hyperthyroidism. Although, if the hyperthyroidism is successfully treated , the condition can be reversed.

A

True!

21
Q

Myocarditis
What is it?
How is it caused? (4)

A
  1. It is:
    - Myocarditis is inflammation of heart muscle due to any infection or inflammatory process.
  2. Causes:
    - Heartworm disease
    - Tetanus or other toxin
    - Lyme disease or other bacterial infection
    - Trauma
22
Q

Heart murmur
what does it sound like?

A
  • “Swishing” sound heard on auscultation of heart due to turbulent blood flow
  • Location of sound in cardiac cycle and “type” of murmur may be consistent with certain anatomic defects
23
Q

Mitral Valve Insufficiency
1. Pathology:
2. Dx:

A
  1. Pathology:
    - Nodular thickening of the heart valve causes leaking of the valve during systole & increased work load on the left atrium and the potential for heart failure.
    - Most common cause bacterial infection of the mitral valve due to chronic dental disease
  2. Dx:
    - Systolic heart murmur
    - Cough, esp at night or with exercise
    - Rads &/or ultrasound showing left atrial enlargement with/out heart failure (pulmonary edema)
24
Q

What are Arrhythmias?

A

Abnormality in the HR, rhythm or electrical generation of the heart beat

24
Q

Arrhythmia pathology (2)

A
  1. Abnormal impulse formation
    - Low O2
    - Hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia
    - Cardiomyopathy
    - Heart tissue trauma/injury
  2. Abnormal impulse conduction
    - Anatomic defect of electrical conduction system
24
Q

Arrhythmias:
Atrial fibrillation
1. What is it?
2. Dx: (2)

A
  1. It is:
    - No organized atrial contraction, but “quivering” muscle tissue
    - Decreased cardiac output due to poor ventricular filling of blood (ventricle contraction is relatively normal)
  2. Dx:
    - “Tennis shoe in the dryer”
    - EKG doesn’t have the “P wave”
24
Q

Arrythmias:
Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs)
1. Causes (4)
2. Dx

A
  1. Causes:
    - Hypoxia or heart trauma
    - Aesthesia or toxins
    - Heart disease
    - Electrolyte abnormalities (ex hyperkalemia)
  2. Dx:
    - Pulse deficit or EKG
24
Q

Arrhythmias:
Ventricular Tachycardia
What is it?
Causes:

Remember: this QRS wave appears “upside down” on a EKG

A
  1. It is:
    - A high HR, and we mostly see PVCs on the EKG
  2. Causes:
    - Cardiomyopathy, heart failure, myocarditis, heart tumor
24
Q

What are Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs)

A
  • Heart beat is spontaneously generated from the Bundle of His independent of the SA node
  • Individual PVCs may not cause problems in animal, but groups of 7 or 8-% PVCs will cause hemodynamic problems

Small Animal Medicine (10 decks)

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