Lecture 9

Question 1

What are emotions ?

Answer 1

a combination of physiological and cognitive responses to thoughts or experiences

Question 2

What is the discrete emotions theory ?

Answer 2

Argues that neurological and biological systems have evolved to allow humans, from infancy, to experience and then express a set of basic emotions through adaptation to our surroundings

Question 3

What is the functionalist perspective ?

Answer 3

Aruges that individuals experience emotions in order to manage the relationship between themselves and the environment

Question 4

What are social smiles ?

Answer 4

smiles directed towards people

Question 5

What is seperation anxiety ?

Answer 5

distress due to seperation from the parent who is the child’s primary caregiver

Question 6

What are self-conscious emotions ?

Answer 6

emotions such as guilt, shame, embarassment, and pride that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others reactions to us

Question 7

What is social referencing ?

Answer 7

the use of parent’s or another adults facial expressions expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations

Question 8

What is emotional intelligence ?

Answer 8

refers to individual’s ability to cognitively process information about emotions and to use that information to guide both their thoughts and behaviours

Question 9

What are display rules ?

Answer 9

A social or cultural group’s informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions, as well as when and where displays of emotions should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions

Question 10

What is emotional regulation ?

Answer 10

a set of conscious and unconscious processes used to both monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions

Question 11

What are self-comforting behaviours ?

Answer 11

repetitive actions that regulate arousal by providing a mildly positive physical sensation

Question 12

What is self-distraction ?

Answer 12

involves looking away from the upsetting stimulus in order to regulate their level of arousal

Question 13

What is social competence ?

Answer 13

the ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others

Question 14

What is emotion socialization ?

Answer 14

the direct and indirect influence that parents have on their children’s standards, values, and ways of thinking and feeling

Question 15

What is emotion coaching ?

Answer 15

the use of discussion and other forms of instruction to teach children how to cope with and properly express emotions

Question 16

What is temperament ?

Answer 16

refers to inidividual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention that exhibited acorss contexts and that are present from infancy

Question 17

Who are the pioneers of temperament research ?

Answer 17

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess

Question 18

What do easy babies do ?

Answer 18

adujust readily to new situations. quickly established daily routines like sleeping and eating, and generally are cheerful in mood and easy to calm

Question 19

What do difficult babies do ?

Answer 19

slow to adjust to new experiences, tend to react negatively and intensely to novel stimuli and events, and were irregular in their daily routines and bodily functions

Question 20

What do slow-to-warm-up babies do ?

Answer 20

somewhat difficult at first but became easier over time as they had repeated contact with new objects, people, and situations

Question 21

What is goodness-of-fit ?

Answer 21

How well a child’s temperament matches the demands of a particular context (social environment)

Question 22

What is differential suspectability ?

Answer 22

a circumstance in which the same temperament chracteristic that puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to harsh home environemnt also causes them to blossom when their home environment is positive