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BIOLOGY > PAPER 2- WRONG QUESTIONS > Flashcards

PAPER 2- WRONG QUESTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

stages required to clone a bull (4 marks):

A
  1. take a nucleus from a body cell of the bull
  2. insert this nucleus into an enucleated egg
  3. electric shock to bind
  4. mitosis/ cell division begins
  5. insert embryo into uterus of surrogate mother
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2
Q

tissue that transports water to the leaves (1 mark):

A

xylem
also transports mineral salts

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3
Q

effect of increasing transcription in cells (3 marks):

A
  1. increasing transcription means more mRNA is made
  2. means an increase in translation
  3. means more proteins for growth and repair
  4. means more muscle
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4
Q

🦠 describe different types of pathogen and refer to a disease for each pathogen (humans) (6 marks):

A
  1. virus- non-living organisms
  2. AIDS
  3. bacteria- microscopic single celled
  4. pneumonia
  5. fungus- not able to carry out photosynthesis
  6. athletes foot
  7. protoctist- microscopic single celled
  8. malaria
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5
Q

💉 explain how vaccination prevents humans from pathogens (3 marks):

A
  1. injected with dead pathogen
  2. lymphocytes produce memory cells
  3. secondary immune response
  4. faster/ more antibody production
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6
Q

🧬 explain how the change in DNA of a microorganism can reduce its ability to digest a substance (5 marks):

A
  1. different sequence of bases in DNA
  2. changes mRNA
  3. transcription
  4. changes tRNA
  5. translation
  6. changes structure/ shape of DNA
  7. changes active site
  8. enzyme not functional
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7
Q

🧬 explain why a change in DNA may not affect the phenotype of an organism (4 marks):

A
  1. codons code for the same amino acids
  2. no change in protein
  3. active site not changed
  4. allele may be recessive
  5. so not expressed in phenotype
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8
Q

why does having a developed root system make regrowth quicker (2 marks)?

A
  1. absorb water
  2. absorb mineral ions
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9
Q

similarities and differences between fossil fuels and biofuels (3 marks):

A
  1. biofuel is renewable
  2. both are burnt
  3. both produce CO2
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10
Q

role of insulin (2 marks):

A
  1. lowers blood glucose levels
  2. to glycogen
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11
Q

describe how bacteria are genetically modified to produce human insulin (3 marks):

A
  1. human gene/allele
  2. cut with restriction enzyme
  3. join with ligase
  4. vector/ plasmid
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12
Q

suggest two reasons why many eggs are needed for cloning to be successful (2 marks):

A
  1. not all eggs survive
  2. not all embryos implant
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13
Q

explain what scientists should do with a zygote so that is develops into a foetus (4 marks):

A
  1. mitosis
  2. place embryo in uterus
  3. surrogate mother
  4. correct kind of mother e.g. southern white rhino
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14
Q

explain how to set up a potometer (4 marks):

A
  1. cut plant underwater
  2. seal connection
  3. introduce air bubble
  4. measure movement
  5. tap to reset bubble
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15
Q

DNA base pairings:

A

C- G
A- U/T
T- A

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16
Q

discuss what effect a change in the sequence of bases could have on the functioning of the enzyme produced (4 marks):

A
  1. deletion/ insertion
  2. change shape of active site
  3. no enzyme binds (doesn’t fit)
  4. enzyme/ protein does not function
17
Q

suggest one way that the risk of a mutation could increase (1 mark):

A
  1. tobacco
18
Q

use of the urethra in females (2 marks):

A
  1. only transports urine
  2. separate reproductive passage
19
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

the process of maintaining water and salt concentrations across membranes within the body

20
Q

why is dialysis needed for life (2 marks):

A
  1. body produces urea
  2. needs to be excreted
21
Q

why must dialysis solution contain purified water, glucose and mineral ions (2 marks?

A
  1. so that substances don’t leave blood
  2. via difusion
22
Q

greenhouse gas:

A

methane

23
Q

benefits to micropropagation:

A
  • produces clones
  • fast acting
  • produces a large volume
24
Q

describe the stages of protein synthesis(4marks):

A
  1. transcription occurs in the nucleus
  2. produces mRNA
  3. translation occurs on ribosome
  4. tRNA brings amino acids
  5. codon binds to anticodon

BIOLOGY (12 decks)

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