Chapter 16

Question 1

irreversible loss of functioning in the cerebral cortex and centers that control basic life processes

Answer 1

total brain death

Question 2

hastening, either actively or passively, the death of someone suffering from an incurable condition

Answer 2

euthanasia

Question 3

making available to individuals who wish to die the means by which they may do so

Answer 3

assisted suicide

Question 4

document in which people state that they do not want extraordinary medical procedures if hopelessly ill

Answer 4

living will

Question 5

theories of biological aging that emphasize the systematic genetic control of aging processes

Answer 5

programmed theories of aging

Question 6

theories that emphasize random, haphazard errors and damage as explanations of why we all age and die

Answer 6

damage theories of aging

Question 7

ceiling on the number of years that any member of a species lives

Answer 7

maximum life span

Question 8

estimate that human cells can double around 50 times, and then die

Answer 8

Hayflick limit

Question 9

stretch of DNA that forms the tip of a chromosome and shortens after each cell division

Answer 9

telomere

Question 10

measure of patterns of DNA methylation that are closely associated with aging

Answer 10

epigenetic aging clock

Question 11

chemically unstable byproducts of metabolism that react to produce toxic substances that contribute to aging

Answer 11

free radicals

Question 12

vitamins C, E, and similar substances that may increase longevity by inhibiting free radical activity

Answer 12

antioxidants

Question 13

technique that extends the life span of laboratory animals involving a highly nutritious but calorie-restricted diet

Answer 13

caloric restriction

Question 14

defense mechanism in which anxiety-provoking thoughts are kept out of conscious awareness

Answer 14

denial

Question 15

state of loss that provides the occasion for grief and mourning

Answer 15

bereavement

Question 16

emotional response to loss

Answer 16

grief

Question 17

culturally prescribed ways of displaying reactions to a loss

Answer 17

mourning

Question 18

grieving before death for what is happening and for what lies ahead

Answer 18

anticipatory grief

Question 19

model of grieving describing four reactions to losing someone with whom you have a strong emotional tie

Answer 19

Parkes/Bowlby attachment model of bereavement

Question 20

theory that healthy grieving means oscillating between loss-oriented coping, restoration-oriented coping, and periods of respite from coping

Answer 20

dual-process model of bereavement

Question 21

coping focusing on dealing with one’s emotions and reconciling oneself to the loss

Answer 21

loss-oriented coping

Question 22

coping focused on managing daily living, rethinking one’s life, and mastering new roles and challenges

Answer 22

restoration-oriented coping

Question 23

emotional response to a death that is unusually prolonged or intense that impairs functioning

Answer 23

complicated grief

Question 24

emotional response to a death that is not fully recognized or appreciated by other people

Answer 24

disenfranchised grief

Question 25

view that to cope with death, people confront their loss, work through emotions, and move toward detachment

Answer 25

grief work perspective

Question 26

maintenance of attachment to a loved one after death through reminiscence and use of their possessions

Answer 26

continuing bond

Question 27

positive psychological change resulting from highly challenging experiences such as losing a loved one

Answer 27

posttraumatic growth

Question 28

program that supports dying persons and their families through a philosophy of caring rather than curing

Answer 28

hospice

Question 29

treatment aimed at meeting the physical, psychological, and spiritual needs of dying patients

Answer 29

palliative care