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Biology > Module 13 > Flashcards

Module 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Invertebrates

A

Animals that lack a backbone

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2
Q

Vertebrates

A

Animals that possess a backbone

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3
Q

Spherical symmetry

A

An organism possess spherical symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any cut that runs through the organism’s center

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4
Q

Radial symmetry

A

An organism possess radial symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any longitudinal cut through the center

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5
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

An organism possess bilateral symmetry if it can only be cut into two identical halves by a single longitudinal cut along its center that divides it into two right halves

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6
Q

Anterior end

A

The end of the animal that contains its head

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7
Q

Posterior end

A

The end of the animal that contains its tail

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8
Q

Epidermis

A

An outer layer of cells designed to provide protection

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9
Q

Endodermis

A

An inner layer of cells

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10
Q

Mesenchyme

A

The jelly-like substance that separates the epidermis from the inner cells in a sponge

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11
Q

Collar cells

A

Flagellated cells that push water through a sponge

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12
Q

Amoebocytes

A

Cells that move using pseudopods and perform different functions in different animals

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13
Q

Gemmule

A

A cluster of cells encased in a hard, spicule-reinforced shell

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14
Q

Polyp

A

The sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other

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15
Q

Medusa

A

A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles

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16
Q

Epithelium

A

Animal tissue consisting of one or more layers of cells that have only one free surface, because the other surface adheres to a membrane or other substance

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17
Q

Nematocysts

A

Small capsules that contain a toxin that is injected into prey or predators

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18
Q

Mesoglea

A

The jelly-like substance that separates the epithelial cells in a cnidarian

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19
Q

Testes

A

Organs that produce sperm

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20
Q

Ovaries

A

Organs that produce eggs

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21
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

A system in which blood stays in vessels designed to transport food and other necessary substances throughout a creature’s body

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22
Q

Nervous system

A

A system of sensitive cells that respond to stimuli such as sound, touch, and taste

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23
Q

Ganglia

A

Masses of nerve cell bodies

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24
Q

Hermaphroditic

A

Possessing both the male and the female reproductive organs

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25
Q

Regeneration

A

The ability to regrow a missing part of the body

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26
Q

Open circulatory system

A

A system in which blood is pumped through vessels into various chambers or body cavities where it comes in direct contact with cells, tissues, and organs

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27
Q

Mantle

A

A sheath of tissue that encloses the vital organs of a mollusk, makes the mollusk’s shell, and functions in respiration, waste disposal, and sensory perception

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28
Q

Shell

A

A tough, multilayered structure secreted by the mantle, generally used for protection, but sometimes for body support

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29
Q

Visceral hump

A

A hump that contains a mollusk’s heart, digestive, and excretory organs

30
Q

Foot

A

A muscular organ that is used for locomotion and takes a variety of forms depending on the animal

31
Q

Radula

A

An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths

32
Q

Univalve

A

An organism with a single shell

33
Q

Bivalve

A

An organism with two shells

34
Q

Do the vast majority of animals have backbones?

A

No. All but one of the phyla in the animal kingdom are invertebrates

35
Q

What type of symmetry does cnidarians have?

A

Radial symmetry

36
Q

What is cephalization and which organisms generally exhibit it?

A

It is the concentration of sensory organs in the anterior or head region of an organism. Organisms with bilateral symmetry generally exhibit it

37
Q

How do sponges get their prey?

A

By pulling water into themselves

38
Q

If a sponge is soft, does it contain spicules or spongin?

A

Spongin

39
Q

If a sponge is hard and prickly, does it contain spicules or spongin?

A

Spicules

40
Q

What purpose does spongin and spicules serve in a sponge?

A

They support it

41
Q

What is the predominant mode of asexual reproduction in a sponge?

A

Budding

42
Q

What roles do amoebocytes play in the anatomy of a sponge?

A

They help digest and transport nutrients, help carry water to be excreted, bring necessary gases such as oxygen to the cells, and form the spicules or spongin

43
Q

When does a sponge produce gemmules?

A

During inclement times

44
Q

What is the difference between the nematocysts of a hydra and those of a sea anemone?

A

Hydra nematocysts are triggered with pressure, while the sea anemone’s are triggered chemically

45
Q

Why do cnidarians not need respiratory or excretory systems?

A

Because their body walls are so thin that gases diffuse right through them

46
Q

Some biology books say that jellyfish live dual lives. Why?

A

Because jellyfish spend part of their lives as polyps and the other part as medusas

47
Q

if a jellyfish reproduces sexually, what form is it in?

A

Medusa form

48
Q

What is another name for a large coral colony?

A

Coral reefs

49
Q

What benefits do earthworms give the plants in the soil that they inhabit?

A

They bring minerals up from the lower parts of the soil and mix them with the nutrients at the top of the soil, which makes the soil fertile for plants. Their tunnels also allow oxygen to travel to the roots of a plant more easily

50
Q

If you pick up two earth worms and the first feels very slimy near the clitellum and the second does not, what can you conclude about the first earthworm?

A

Since the first one feels slimy near the clitellum, this means that it is covered with a slime coat. Thus, the first one must have recently mated but not yet produced a cocoon

51
Q

What similarities and differences exist between the hydra’s sexual reproduction and the earthworm’s?

A

The earthworm and hydra are hermaphroditic, but the hydra can sometime mate with itself, while the earthworm cannot

52
Q

What will happen to an earthworm if its cuticle gets dry?

A

The earthworm will suffocate, because oxygen cannot travel through a dry cuticle

53
Q

Describe the circulatory system of earthworms?

A

They have a closed circulatory system. A main heart and accessory hearts pump blood through vessels that run through all body segments

54
Q

Why don’t planarians need circulatory systems?

A

Because the intestine is so highly branched that all cells are near it, so they can get their food directly from the intestine

55
Q

What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and a complete digestive tract?

A

A gastrovascular cavity or digestive sac has only one opening for food to enter and wastes to exit. A complete digestive tract is a one-way tube with two openings—a mouth at one end where food enters, and anus at at the other end where wastes exit

56
Q

If a flatworm has no complex nervous system or digestive systems, is it most likely free-living or parasitic?

A

Parasitic

57
Q

What is the main mode of asexual reproduction in a planarian?

A

Regeneration

58
Q

What are the two things present in most mollusks?

A

The mantle and the foot

59
Q

What phylum is composed of sea anemones, hydra, and jellyfish?

A

Phylum Cnidaria

60
Q

What phylum is composed of clams, snails, and octopi?

A

Phylum Mollusca

61
Q

What phylum is composed of sponges?

A

Phylum Porifera

62
Q

What phylum is composed of flatworms?

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

63
Q

What phylum is composed of segmented worms?

A

Phylum Annelida

64
Q

What type of symmetry do sponges (phylum Porifera) have?

A

They are asymmetrical (meaning they posses no symmetry)

65
Q

What type of symmetry does segmented worms (phylum Annelida) have?

A

Bilateral symmetry

66
Q

What type of symmetry does roundworms (phylum Nematoda) have?

A

Bilateral symmetry

67
Q

What does the word gastropod mean and what organisms are gastropods?

A

“Stomach-foot”; Snails and slugs are gastropods

68
Q

What does the word cephalopod mean and what organisms are cephalopods?

A

“Head-foot”; Squids, octopuses, and nautiluses are cephalopods

69
Q

Bivalves are sometimes called what (and what organisms are bivalves)?

A

Pelecypods; Clams, muscles, and others are bivalves

70
Q

What phylum is composed of round worms?

A

Phylum Nematoda

Biology (20 decks)

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