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BPS 1101 > COVID-19 > Flashcards

COVID-19 Flashcards

1
Q

more than how many viruses cause colds?

A

200

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2
Q

When did the Covid-19 outbreak start and what makes it a serious illness?

A

December 2019

  • impacts lungs and lower airways
  • damages internal organs
  • immune system creates a strong response

different than a typical cold

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3
Q

What indicates that this type of pandemic has happened before?

A

goes back 20 thousand years, our genetics show an adaptation to the coronavirus (fossils in our genetics)

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4
Q

how many types of coronavirus infect humans

A

7

4 are mild -> colds (upper airway)
3 are serious: SARS, MERS, Covid-19 (lower airway)

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5
Q

Viral entry into cells

A

ACE2 protein (receptor) -> found on many human cells (it receives the coronavirus)

  • A spike protein sticks to the ACE2 like a velcro, and the bubbles come into close contact
  • On the surface, the virus will stick by only a couple of proteins but things move around and every once in a while, another velcro will end up getting stuck
  • It repeats over and over and the membrane will then wrap around the virus causing a bubble that the virus uses to enter to the cell
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6
Q

How does the virus affect the ACE2 enzyme?

A

deactivates it,

the enzyme provides a normal function, and normally regulates blood sugar + other organ
- qualities that people at high risk need to be regulated, but that’s disrupted

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7
Q

How many cases are mild?

A

MOST, greater than 85%
- asymptomatic
- no treatment is required
- self-isolation

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8
Q

What makes up the small % of severe cases?

A

older than 60
pre-existing medical conditions
diabetes
heart disease etc…

The most common pre-existing conditions are Alzheimer’s and dementia

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9
Q

Why does it seem like young people are at higher risk in Canada

A

The largest proportion of Canada is young, so the larger proportion of people who get COVID-19 are young people because there are more of them

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10
Q

What to the hospitalization records show?

A

Older people are more likely to be admitted into the hospital

  • Most people hospitalized with COVID-19, didn’t go to the hospital because of covid so the data is a bit tricky to interpret, but emphasis on older people
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11
Q

What age group was at more higher risk for death?

A

older population, especially 80+

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12
Q

What is long covid? what are risk factors of it?

A

symptoms that last for a very long time
- most resolve in 2-6 weeks, but could last months

Risk factors for persistence of symptoms
- Hypertension (high blood pressure)
- Obesity
- Mental health conditions

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13
Q

What is long-haul COVID?

A

worse than long COVID
chronic
long-term damage + scarring

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14
Q

how is covid spread?

A

airborne
- depends on how big the droplet is, big travel shorter distances
- When the virus is in the droplet, the droplet evaporates and some viruses can’t survive, they need the moisture
- Lead to the guideline: stay 2 meters apart

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15
Q

What is the role of masks?

A

They contain the droplets and protect other people from you

  • you can still get the virus by wearing a mask, it may just be less severe
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16
Q

What is a major conspiracy around COVID-19?

A

that it was created in a lab
in 2019, technology existed to create a virus in a lab

17
Q

What is a Viral Chimera?

A

it is a combination of animals:
1. virus from bat
2. virus from pangolin
3. unknown origin

animals with different viruses come in contact and one gets all the viruses

18
Q

Covid Chimera

A
  1. bats from a cave in Yunnan
  2. pangolins from Indonesia
  3. ??

all infected the same animal at the same time and transferred into a human which is how we got covid

19
Q

how would all the animals have come in contact to create the COVID chimera?

A

through a wet market

20
Q

What does the Wuhan institute of virology do?

A

coronavirus research
- they create chimeras that looks sus but they do this to predict viruses - make a safe virus dangerous to prevent future pandemics, develop treatments ahead, vaccines

RISK: accidental release of virus into the world

21
Q

technology in 1999

A

chimeras created in labs:
- traces were left in the genes
- could detect genetic manipulation

22
Q

technology now

A
  • seamless - no sign of genetic manipulation
23
Q

Ivermectin

A

misinformation = HARMFUL

  • they were testing anything - this drug was showing in vitro antiviral activity (lab term)
  • no meaning for human use
  • The required dose was 5 units - useful in a person? NO

Poor quality + fraudulent clinical trials
… but the drug is easy to get - vet drug

waste of resources
- people can die + become ill
- doesn’t help with covid
- difficult to get for legit reasons because people were buying it for the wrong reasons
- high quality clinical trials are expensive for NOTHING

24
Q

Pfizer developed:

A

Nirmatrelevir
A repurposed drug originally for SARS
- FDA authorized

Combination of 2 drugs (Paxlovid)
- Nirmatrelvir (antiviral)
- Ritonavir (boosts bioavailability for oral dosing) - failed HIV drug (oral dosing booster)
- blocks the liver so the drug reaches
the bloodstream

Drug was found to be effective

25
Q

Paxlovid risk

A

Side effects

Drug-drug interactions
- the interaction with the drug could lead to overdose, especially with shutting down the liver

26
Q

Operation Warp Speed

A

program for pharmaceutical companies to quickly produce vaccines

  • The pandemic ends when herd immunity is reached (>90% of pop is vaccinated)
    2 ways:
  • getting COVID or getting vaccinated

SO WE NEEDED VACCINES to get antibodies to eliminate the virus

27
Q

How do antibodies and COVID work?

A

There is a SPIKE protein on the outside of the virus

Antibodies that bind to SPIKE give immunity to COVID

so the strategy for vaccines is to use the SPIKE protein

28
Q

Pros + Cons of injecting the spike protein

A
  • Established method
  • Highly effective
  • No risk of infection
  • Time-consuming to develop (>4 years)
  • Proteins are difficult to
    manufacture and purify
  • Requires a custom-made factory for each vaccine (each requires slightly different methods)
29
Q

what if WE were the factory?

A

IF the hard part about making the vaccine is making the protein + purifying it, THEN skip it and make it inside us

Moderna + pfizer vaccines = mRNA

Nucleus: chromosomes + genetic info on DNA
Ribosome: manufactures different proteins
Copy DNA info on mRNA and go to ribosomes to make the protein we want

mRNA could allow your body to make the
SPIKE protein and when it circulates our bodies we will make antibodies against them and have immunity

30
Q

mRNA

A

very fragile, falls apart very quickly, designed to fall apart
- we can protect the mRNA with lipid nanoparticles - container

structure: outer lipid -> inner lipid and mRNA inside the inner

31
Q

vaccine manufacture

A
  • made in small batches - jet mixer
  • one drop at a time

NA requirements
* 3 tanker trucks
* Mixed in 0.3 mL batches

32
Q

Great Canadian experiment with covid vaccines

A

Increased interval between doses
– 21 days in clinical trials
– 4 months in Canada (No clinical trial done)
* stronger protection with interval more than 6 weeks

Allowed mixing vaccine types
– No clinical trial done
*mix and match worked

33
Q

Vaccine effect + protection

A

the effect weakens over time

it protects against serious disease + variants

34
Q

COVID-19 vaccine timeline

A
  • November 2019: virus appears
  • January 2020: virus genome available
  • February 2020: vaccine development completed
  • March 2020: clinical trials start
  • December 2020: FDA authorization

Very QUICK

35
Q

Why was the vaccine production quick? what about variants

A

because normal vaccines take time to revise and look at records

COVID was very serious so everyone worked on it quickly, normal vaccines could be quicker if they didn’t let documents sit around for months at a time

  • technology is advanced as well

Vaccines against variants are easy because the only component that changes is the mRNA

BPS 1101 (14 decks)

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