Accessory Organs Of Digestion

Question 1

Where is the liver found?

Answer 1

In the upper right quadrant of the abdomen directly beneath the diaphragm

Question 2

What are the functions of the liver?

Answer 2

Glucose storage, protein - liproprotein and cholesterol synthesis, digestion, storage of fat soluble vitamins, toxin and drug metabolism and excretion

Question 3

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

Answer 3

Right, left, caudate and quadrate

Question 4

What is the gallbladder?

Answer 4

It is a fluid filled sac and stores and concentrates bile

Question 5

What is the gallbladder made up of?

Answer 5

Fungus, body and neck. The neck leads to the cystic duct which transports bile to and from the gallbladder

Question 6

What colour can the gallbladder be?

Answer 6

Green due to the bile acids

Question 7

What is the hepatobiliary system?

Answer 7

Looks at he production and flow of bile

Question 8

What is bile produced by?

Answer 8

By hepatocytes in the liver

Question 9

What do enzymes in the liver do?

Answer 9

Breakdown alcohol and other drugs producing toxic waste products and these may be excreted by the kidneys in the bile

Question 10

What is the function of bile when released in the stomach?

Answer 10

It has a bicarbonate content and it produces an alkaline pH that serves to decrease the acidity of gastric contents released from the stomach, preventing damage to the intestines

Question 11

What does a decreased pH facilitate?

Answer 11

The emulsion of fats from the stomach by salts contained in the bile.

Question 12

What does the emulsification of fats by bile salts increase?

Answer 12

It increase the surface area of insoluble nutrients and increases the rate of their digestion

Question 13

What are hepatocytes of the liver arranged to be?

Answer 13

They are epithelial cells arranged to form a 3D lattice

Question 14

What runs between each layer of hepatocytes in the liver?

Answer 14

Sinusoids which allow close contact between the hepatocytes and portal blood supply

Question 15

How are the products of hepatocytes removed?

Answer 15

By canaliculi - which are channels between the cells the drained into the bile ducts

Question 16

Where does bile drain to?

Answer 16

From the liver via the right and left haptic ducts which join to form the common hepatic duct

Question 17

What is the common hepatic ducts joined by?

Answer 17

Cystic duct that drains bile from the gallbladder which forms the common bile duct

Question 18

Where does hole from the common hepatic duct travel to?

Answer 18

Travels to the cystic duct to be stored in the gallbladder or carry on descending duodenum via the common bile duct

Question 19

What does the presence of food in the duodenum stimulate?

Answer 19

Stimulates the gallbladder to contract

Question 20

Where does the main pancreatic duct join the common bile duct?

Answer 20

At the hepatopancreatic ampulla which opens into the duodenum

Question 21

What happens if you have an occlusion (e.g. a gallstone)?

Answer 21

Both bile and pancreatic enzyme secretions will be blocked

Question 22

What is the pancreas?

Answer 22

It is an elongated gland that has endocrine and exocrine functions

Question 23

Where does the pancreas lie?

Answer 23

It lies horizontal across the posterior abdominal wall and it sits postoperative to the stomach and is split into 5 regions

Question 24

What are the 5 regions of the pancreas?

Answer 24

Uncinate process, head, neck, body and tail

Question 25

What do exocrine tissues of the pancreas release?

Answer 25

Pancreatic juice, a major digestive secretion enzymes

Question 26

What are the two components of pancreatic juice?

Answer 26

Alkaline secretion and enzyme rich secretion

Question 27

Describe the alkaline secretion

Answer 27

It has a high bicarbonate and low enzyme content which helps neutralise the acidity of gastric contents

Question 28

Describe the enzyme rich secretion

Answer 28

Contains the major enzymes involved in digestion. It is secreted as pre-enzymes that are activated in the gut so they don’t digest the pancreas

Question 29

What control is the pancreas under?

Answer 29

Partially under autonomic control - sympathetic stimulation decreases secretions and parasympathetic stimulation increases secretions

Question 30

What are the exocrine glands?

Answer 30

Compound acinar, the enzymes are secreted in the acinus and modified in the ducts

Question 31

How is the pancreatic juice transported to the duodenum?

Answer 31

Via the main pancreatic duct which join the common bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 32

What is the entrance of pancreatic juices to the descending duodenum controlled by?

Answer 32

Hepatopancreatic sphincter