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dpt 502 > Stance and Posture > Flashcards

Stance and Posture Flashcards

1
Q

what is posture?

A

alignment of body segments

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2
Q

what tool is commonly used to assess posture?

A

a plum line

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3
Q

what muscles support upright posture?

A

antigravity muscles

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4
Q

what forces are required to maintain stance?

A

LOG and muscles

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5
Q

t/f: the extensors have to work to keep up upright

A

true

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6
Q

postural sway occurs mostly where?

A

at the ankle

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7
Q

why does postural sway occur?

A

bc of things inside us moving constantly such as blood flow, digestion, and beating heart which affect the ability to stay still

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8
Q

how much sagittal plane sway is there normally?

A

12 deg

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9
Q

how much frontal plane sway is there normally?

A

16 deg

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10
Q

what is the COM?

A

total body mass and the point where the body is in complete equilibrium

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11
Q

where is the COM normally located?

A

anterior to S2

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12
Q

what is the LOG?

A

vertical projection of the COM to the ground

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13
Q

what is stance posture?

A

balance of forces in stance

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14
Q

what force creates an external moment arm in stance posture?

A

gravity

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15
Q

t/f: muscles have to contract against the pull of gravity to stay in stance posture

A

true

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16
Q

where is the LOG at the knee?

A

anterior to the knee jt but posterior to the patella

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17
Q

what muscles at the knee have to resist the pull of gravity?

A

posterior muscles and tissues

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18
Q

where is the LOG at the ankle?

A

4-6 cm anterior to the ankle

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19
Q

what muscle resists the pull of gravity at the ankle?

A

soleus

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20
Q

where is the LOG at the hip?

A

posterior to the axis of the hip

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21
Q

what is the normal ASIS-PSIS angle?

A

12 deg

22
Q

what is the normal angle of inclination at the sacrum?

A

30-40 deg inclination

23
Q

what forces are required for functional stance at the hip?

A

LOG posterior to the hip axis

slight illiacus activity to counteract gravity

24
Q

what forces are required for functional stance at the head and trunk?

A

LOG falls on concavity of spinal curves

thoracic erector spinae active to maintain posture

cervical extensors balance occiput on the atlas

25
Q

what is the ankle strategy?

A

control of psture initiated at the ankle

the 1st place where resistance happens

used for small perturbations

26
Q

what is the hip strategy?

A

the 2nd place where resistance happens

used for larger perturbations

27
Q

when are the stepping or reaching strategies used?

A

perturbations so big that the hip strategy isn’t enough to maintain balance

large, rapid change in COM

28
Q

what is the BOS?

A

area of the body in contact w/support surface

29
Q

what is the COP?

A

distribution of total force on supporting surface

30
Q

balance is a combination of the interactions bw what 3 factors?

A

1) individual
2) environment
3) postural task

31
Q

what factors are a part of the individual?

A

muscular and neural systems

postural control systems

32
Q

what makes up cognition?

A

attention, motivation, intent

33
Q

what are factors that make up the environment?

A

uneven surfaces, ice, moving/changing surfaces, dark/cloudy

34
Q

what is a steady state?

A

predictable and steady

least challenging posture

35
Q

what is proactive state?

A

activating muscles b4 the action

thinking about how much force you will need to use

36
Q

what is reactive state?

A

able to recover from an unexpected purturbance like tripping, getting pushed, etc.

37
Q

are proactive and reactive actions feedforward or feedback?

A

both

38
Q

what is feedback?

A

responses to things around you

39
Q

what is feedforward?

A

anticipation of what’s going to happen

40
Q

what are adaptations?

A

refining and tuning response to task demands and environment

41
Q

how does postural control develop?

A

cephalocaudal progression (from head down)

head support and vision–>sitting independently–>reaching b4 anticipatory control

head support–>sitting–>reaching

42
Q

when does lifting the head occur?

A

1 month

43
Q

when does sitting w/support occur?

A

4-7 months

44
Q

when does sitting w/o support occur?

A

4-7 months

45
Q

when does creeping/crawling occur?

A

8-10 months

46
Q

what is creeping?

A

army crawl

both arms moving together to crawl

47
Q

how is crawling different from creeping?

A

uses alternating arm instead of both arms at the same time

48
Q

when does the pull to stand occur?

A

9-10 months

49
Q

when does independent stance occur?

A

12-13 months

50
Q

when does walking occur?

A

14-18 months

51
Q

what tests can be used to evaluate development?

A

gross motor fxn measure (GMFM)

Peabody developmental motor scale (very common)

movement assessment of infants

52
Q

what changes in posture occur with aging?

A

decreased strength, power, activity level

increased fear of falling (FOF)

impacted by lifestyle and activity

very variable

dpt 502 (9 decks)

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