Gene Structure and Genome Organization Flashcards

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1
Q

The self-replicating genetic structures of cells containing the cellular DNA that bears in its nucleotide sequence the linear array of genes.

A

Chromosomes

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2
Q

Three important DNA sequences

A

telomere, replication origin, and centromere

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3
Q

The position at which the DNA helix is first opened and has binding sites for the initiator proteins and DNA regions that are especially easy to open.

A

Replication origin

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4
Q

Sequences that serve as attachment for kinetochore that link chromosomes to mitotic spindles. Ensures equal distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells when a cell divides.

A

Centromere

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5
Q

Sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that help stabilize the chromosomes. Enable the ends of chromosomes to be efficiently replicated.

A

Telomere

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6
Q

General telomere motif

A

(TxGy)n where x and y = 1 to 4

n = 20-100 in single celled eukaryotes; 1, 500 in mammals

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7
Q

A gene is a portion of a chromosome that determines or affects a single character or phenotype.

A

Classic definition

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8
Q

The classic definition of gene is based what precedences?

A

Laws of inheritance (Gregor Mendel) and Chromosome Theory of Inheritances (Thomas Hunt Morgan)

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9
Q

“Particles” that determine traits occur in pairs and are separated into gametes during meiosis

A

Principle of segragation

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10
Q

Alleles at one locus segregate into gametes independently of alleles at other loci.

A

Principle of independent assortment (no gene linkage)

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11
Q

Explain the beadle and tatum experiment?

A

When spores were
exposed to mutagenic agents, mutants lacked one or another specific enzyme

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12
Q

A gene is a segment of genetic material that determines or codes for one enzyme (one gene-one enzyme hypothesis).

A

Beadle and tatum molecular definition

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13
Q

The beadle and tatum experiment involves an prototropic organism called?

A

Neurospora crassa

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14
Q

What is the underlying reason for the development of one gene-one polypeptide definition of a gene?

A

Many genes code for proteins that are not enzymes

There are genes that code for a polypeptide of a multi-subunit protein

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15
Q

Variant forms (alleles) of genes that occur in > 1% of the population

A

polymorphisms

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16
Q

A gene is all the DNA that encodes the primary sequence of some final gene product which can either be a polypeptide or an RNA with a structural or catalytic function.

A

current definition, syn. smallest unit of heredity, a transcriptional unit

17
Q

Different forms of a gene at the same locus on homologous chromosomes

A

Allele

18
Q

Where does polymorphism come from?

A

inaccuracy during DNA replication

19
Q

Includes all the genes which carry the information for making the proteins required by the organism.

A

Genome

20
Q

General trend in the organism’s level of tropism and number of genes?

A

the lower the organism is, the higher the number of protein coding genes

21
Q

Non living characteristics of viruses

A

acellular
do not grow (only in number but not size) and divide
Outside the cell they possess DNA or RNA but never both

22
Q

Living characteristics of viruses

A

reproduce but only within living host

mutate

23
Q

An intact infectious viral particle is called a

A

virion

24
Q

Virion is composed of

A

capsid
nucleic acid
envelope (for some)

25
Q
A