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BIO 143.01 Biotechnology > Module 1.1: Biotechnology and its History > Flashcards

Module 1.1: Biotechnology and its History Flashcards

1
Q

What is the three definitions of biotechnology?

A
  1. Manipulation of living organisms or parts of living organisms to make useful products to humans.
  2. Manipulation of genes of organisms to change their behavior, value, and characteristics
  3. Cell and gene technology used to produce new characteristics in plants and animals
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2
Q

Yeast was utilized by the Sumerians and Babylonians to prepare ___

A

Beer

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3
Q

Yeast was utilized by the Egyptians to make ___

A

Leavened bread

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4
Q

Greek philosopher ___ (470 to 399 BC) hypothesized on the similar characteristics between parents and their offspring.

A

Socrates

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5
Q

Greek philosopher ____ (384 to 322 BC) theorized that all inheritance originates from the father.

A

Aristotle

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6
Q

The ____ is based on the idea that organisms arise from non-living matter

A

Theory of Abiogenesis (Spontaneous Generation)

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7
Q

____ explained that plants and animals are similar in their reproduction in the sense that they reproduce sexually

A

William Harvery

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8
Q

____ investigated blood circulation in capillaries using a microscope

A

Marcello Malpighi

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9
Q

____ was the first researcher to explain microorganisms such as protozoa and bacteria

A

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

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10
Q

____ found that the deliberate administration of smallpox could prevent its occurrence later in life, especially in children

A

Giacomo Pylarini

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11
Q

____ invented a technique using heat to can and sterilize food

A

Nicolas Appert

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12
Q

Puerperal Fever is also known as Childbed Fever caused by ___

A

Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus

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12
Q

Difference between sterilization and pasteurization:

A
  1. Sterilization is complete elimination of microorganism; pasteurization is reduction in bacterial load
  2. Sterilization often destroys sensory attributes of food; pasteurization preserves sensory attributes of foods
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13
Q

____ suggested the theory that puerperal fever could be transmitted from mother to mother by physicians

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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14
Q

____ discovered a procedure for keeping animal organs alive under in vitro conditions

A

Carl Ludwig

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15
Q

The development of what technique paves the way for Modern Biotechnology as it allows cells to survive via incubation

A

Tissue culture (cf., Carl Ludwig)

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16
Q

____ established that a fungus was responsible for late potato blight

A

Heinrich Anton de Bary

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17
Q

Microorganism responsible for late potato blight:

A

Oomycete (characterized as fungi-like due to the abundance of cellulose and presence of small amount of chitin in their cell wall)

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18
Q

___ found that paired chromosomes contain certain elements which are transferred from one generation to another

A

Sutton

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19
Q

____ shared the same idea of separating X and Y chromosomes for the determination of sex

A

Edmund Beecher Wilson and Nettie Stevens

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20
Q

____, along with other researchers, found that several genes alter or modify the action of other genes

A

William Bateson and R. C. Punnett

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21
Q

___ started his investigation into fruit flies that would reveal that chromosomes have a defined role in heredity

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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22
Q

Proteins and DNA were studied by means of ___

A

X-Rays

22
Q

This anti-inflammatory product is the first modern biotech product produced

A

cortisone

23
Q

___ explored Streptomycin, an active antibiotic against TB

A

Selman Abraham Waksman

24
Q

Steptomycin is an amino glycoside which means:

A

It binds to 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosomes and lead to the formation of premature termination of protein synthesis and/or incorporation of incorrect amino acid

25
Q

This scientist propose that in a given DNA, the amount of purines (A/G) must be equal to the amount of pyrimidines (T/G).

A

Erwin Chargaff (Chargaff’s rule)

26
Q

Discovery of what lead to the explosion of research in molecular biology and genetics?

A

DNA structure

27
Q

____developed the HeLa human cell line

A

George Otto Gey

28
Q

___ studied ‘Central Dogma’, demonstrating how DNA functions to construct protein

A

Crick and Gamov

29
Q

These scientists together deciphered how DNA is expressed as three-letter genetic code (codons).

A

Marshall Warren Nirenberg, J. Heinrich Matthaei, and S. Ochoa

30
Q

____ identified the first oncogene in a virus

A

Virologists Peter H. Duesberg and Peter K. Vogt

31
Q

What is the first oncogene and where was it found ?

A

Src oncogene; Rous sarcoma virus

32
Q

____ a Biochemist, utilized a restriction enzyme to cut DNA into fragments

A

Paul Berg

33
Q

____, a Biochemist at UC Berkeley, developed an investigation to distinguish chemicals that can alter DNA

A

Bruce Nathan Ames (Ames test)

34
Q

Explain the Ames test

A

His(-) mutant Salmonella incubated with compound + liver extract –> grown in his(-) culture to screen for mutants

35
Q

This scientist from UCSF synthesized synthetic human Insulin by introducing the insulin Gene into the bacterium Escherichia coli

A

Herbert W Boyer

36
Q

___ was allowed to patent an oil-eating microorganism

A

Exxon Oil Company

37
Q

Genus of bacteria with known oil-eating activity

A
  • Oleispira
  • Oleiphilus
  • Thalaseli
38
Q

___ won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for inventing the tool of PCR

A

Kary Mullis

38
Q

___ was the first organization to achieve the synthesis of a human protein (Somatostatin) in a bacterium

A

Genentech Inc.

39
Q

Modified tobacco plant is used to be used to create what vaccine?

A

Hep B vaccine

40
Q

Mouse models for cancer research usually have mutations in what genes?

A

BRCA

41
Q

Primary goals of microbial biotech:

A
  1. Production of enzymes
  2. Decontamination of industrial waste
  3. Production of proteins used in medicine
42
Q

Primary goals of animal biotechnology:

A
  1. Production of meat as food
  2. Production of antibodies
  3. Animals as research models
  4. Cloning
43
Q

Primary goals of agricultural biotechnology:

A
  1. increase yield
    2.enriched foods
  2. production of drugs and vaccines
    4.resistance to disease and pests
  3. reduce production costs
44
Q

Primary goal of aquatic biotechnology:

A

Aquaculture as food source

44
Q

Primary goals of forensic biotechnology:

A
  1. Inclusion or exclusion of suspected person
  2. Paternity test
  3. Identification of human remains
  4. Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease
45
Q

This branch of biotechnology deals with the the use of biotechnology to to process and degrade a variety of natural and man-made substances.

A

Bioremediation

46
Q

In aquatic biotechnology, triploid oysters are usually product by treating oyster larvae with what compound that interferes with cell division?

A

Cytochalasin B

47
Q

Why are triploid oysters preferred?

A

Triploid oysters are unable to produce gametes due to the triploid number of chromosomes which interferes with pairing up and segregation of chromosomes during gamete formation. In effect, triploid oysters tend to allocate energy and resources on growth than reproduction, leading to larger size at maturity.

48
Q

Primary goals of medical biotechnology:

A
  1. Prevention of disease
  2. Diagnosis
  3. Treatment of disease
49
Q

Somatostatin is produced naturally in the body by which tissue?

A

extraislet neuroendocrine cells

50
Q

Late potato blight is caused by what specific Oomycete?

A

P. infestans (cf. P. alternativa)

51
Q

This refers to organisms or strains of organisms that are unable to produce vital chemicals for survival/growth.

A

Auxotroph

52
Q

In modern biotechnology, what is the difference between transfection and transformation?

A

Transfection - introduction of vector to eukaryotic expression/cloning systems

Transformation - introduction of vector to prokaryotic expression/cloning systems

BIO 143.01 Biotechnology (6 decks)

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