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Criminology Diploma > Unit 4 AC3.3 > Flashcards

Unit 4 AC3.3 Flashcards

Examine the limitations of agencies in social control

1
Q

What is the overall recidivism rate in 2021?

A

24.3%
53.9% with a custodial sentence thats less than 12 months

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2
Q

Why is recidivism rate so high?

A
  • Lack of rehabilitation opportunities due to budget
  • Ratio between staff and prisoners has widened causing more violence
  • Social provision is limited so the offender has little options but to reoffend
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3
Q

What are the consequences of recidivism?

A
  • Overcrowding in prisons
    Prison population has doubled since 1993 which creates a viscous cycle of reoffending as it limits rehabilitation opportunities
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4
Q

Who reoffends?

A
  • Those with the most previous convictions (2018- 47.5% of those with 10+ convictions reoffended)
  • Prison sentences have higher reoffending rate
  • Rate higher for males than females
  • Rate higher for drug addicts/homeless
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5
Q

What theories link to recidivism rates?

A
  • Right realism. Rational choice theory. Believes prison works as offenders weigh up costs and benefits but recidivism rates show this isnt true.
  • Marxism. Working class commit crime since they have little chance of meeting needs. Recidivism rates suggest this is true.
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6
Q

What are civil liberties?

A

Basic rights and freedom guaranteed to every individual by law

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7
Q

What are examples of civil liberties?

A
  • Freedom of speech
  • Freedom of movement
  • The right to privacy
  • Freedom from arbitrary arrest
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8
Q

What is the link between civil liberties and due process model?

A

Civil liberties act as an obstacle course and a barrier to the state, exercising social control. E.g. right to privacy limits search for evidence

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9
Q

What are human right abusers

A

In some authoritarian states, social control agencies have few restrictions on their power so the public are punished for going against the government.
For example, North Korea and Syria

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10
Q

How is lack of resources a barrier for social control within prisons?

A
  • Fail to rehabilitate due to inadequate resources for education and training.
  • 15% staff cut so confined to cells and cant be released on temporary licence to attend training.
  • Leads to re offending as they cant get a job so limits social control
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11
Q

How does lack of resources limit social control in the community?

A
  • Little support when released. Receive £47 and 1/4 of released prisoners have a job. 1/9 of prisoners have no accommodation
  • 1/3 released on a Friday stopping them from accessing resources e.g. accommodation and medication.
  • Leaves them vulnerable so they reoffend, limiting social control.
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12
Q

How does finance limit social control?

A

Agencies do not receive adequate funding to successfully do their jobs leading to less social control. This is an increasing problems as budgets continue to be cut.

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12
Q

How does finance limit social control for police?

A
  • 2010-18 there has been a 19% budget cut leading to a 20,000 decrease in staff.
  • Forced to prioritise and drop crimes
  • 2018 2.9X more cases dropped than 2013.
    Reduces social control
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12
Q

How does finance limit social control in the CPS?

A
  • Budget cut by 25% so 1/3rd of staff lost
  • Prevents social control due to failure to investigate cases efficiently, charges are downgraded so sent to Magistrates court (faster and cheaper).
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12
Q

How does finance limit social control in prisons?

A
  • 2010-18 16% budget cut so 15% of staff lost.
  • Leads to lack of rehabilitation due to widening ratio leading to reoffending (limited social control)
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13
Q

How does finance limit social control in the national probation service?

A
  • Budget cuts
  • 2019- Staff shortages and lack of confidence in the service by others
  • 2020- Chief inspector warned ‘must be properly funded, vacancies for probation officers must be filled’.
    Limits social control
14
Q

How does environment limit social control?

A

Environment ex-offenders return to can have a significant impact on recidivism
- Family
- Purpose

15
Q

How does family affect social control?

A
  • Prison reform trust found less reoffending with family visits but 68% do not receive visits.
  • Less reoffending if they live with immediate family but only 61% do.
    Lack of family support limits social control
16
Q

How does purpose affect social control?

A

Purposeful activity reduces recidivism but less than 44% received a positive rating from inspectors in 2015-16 for purposeful activity.
- 12% of employers employed an ex offender but unemployment increases re offending.

17
Q

How does local policies limit social control?

A
  • Have their own set priorities based on local crime e.g. Knife crime in London so introduced a weapon amnesties in 2017 including knife bins.
  • Set priorities based on moral panic from local news but focusing on one crime forces the police to ignore others, leading to reduced social control
18
Q

How does national policies limit social control?

A
  • Set by central government and applied by everyone
  • New policies can make social control easier e.g. ability to stop and search anyone for an offensive weapon without reasonable suspicion
  • However, social control limited until police are given more powers
19
Q

What are moral imperatives?

A

Overriding sense of what is right so break the law to uphold it

20
Q

Why do moral imperatives limit social control?

A

If a person is acting on moral imperatives, there is little agencies can do to control their behaviour
- Offenders break the law as their conscience told them to

21
Q

What are two examples of moral imperatives on an individual level?

A
  • Kay Gilderdale. Assisted suicide for her terminally ill daughter. Believed it was morally correct for her daughter
  • Alan Blythe. Cultivated cannabis to reduce wife’s pain. Believed it was morally right
22
Q

What are three examples of moral imperatives on a societal level?

A

Based on Durkheim’s theory that social crime progresses society
- Nelson Mandela. Committed crime to stop apartheid
- Suffragettes. Broke the law for women’s rights
- Stansted 15. 15 individuals chained themselves to the plane so it couldn’t take off to deport victims of human trafficking.

23
Q

What limits social control for police?

A
  • Civil liberties
  • Finance
  • Local priorities
  • Moral imperatives
24
Q

What limits social control for the CPS?

A
  • Finance
  • National policies
25
Q

What limits social control for the judiciary?

A
  • Civil liberties (due process rules in court)
26
Q

What limits social control for the prison service?

A
  • Recidivism
  • Civil liberties
  • Access to resources
  • Finance
27
Q

What limits social control for the national probation service?

A
  • Civil liberties (right to privacy)
  • Finance
  • Access to resources (Friday release)
  • Environment

Criminology Diploma (16 decks)

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