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biology gcse > The heart, blood, lungs, principles of organisation and coronary heart disease > Flashcards

The heart, blood, lungs, principles of organisation and coronary heart disease Flashcards

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1
Q

name parts of the ventilation system

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi/ bronchus
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
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2
Q

describe the process of gas exchange

A
  • alveoli are surrounded by blood capillaries
  • blood passing next to alveoli contains lots of carbon dioxide + very little oxygen (just returned to lungs from rest of body)
  • oxygen diffuses into blood (low conc.) + out of alveolus (high conc.)
  • carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood + into alveoli = breathed out
  • blood reaches body cells
  • oxygen released from red blood cells (high conc) + diffused into body cells (low conc)
  • carbon dioxide diffuses out of body cells (high conc) + diffused into blood (lwo conc)
  • blood carried back to lungs
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3
Q

How are the lungs adapted for gas exchange?

A
  • large surface area
  • alveoli has folded surface
  • short diffusion pathway
  • one cell thick alveoli wall + capillary wall
  • steep concentration gradient
  • good blood supply from capillaries + ventilation
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4
Q

How do you calculate breaths per minute?

A
  • number of breaths/ number of minutes
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5
Q

What is the heart?

A
  • a muscle that pumps blood around the body
  • a double circulatory system
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6
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A
  • one circuit pumping deoxygenated blood to lungs
  • other circuit pumps oxygenated blood around body
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7
Q

label the diagram of the heart

A
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8
Q

describe blood flow in the heart

A
  • deoxygenated blood goes into right atrium via vena cava
  • blood goes into right ventricle
  • right ventricle pumps blood out of heart to lungs
  • oxygenated blood from lungs goes to left atrium via pulmonary vein
  • goes into left ventricle
  • left ventricle pumps blood out of heart to around the body
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9
Q

What do the valves do in the heart?

A

stop blood from flowing backwards

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10
Q

What controls the resting heart rate?

A
  • group of cells in the right atrium
  • acts as peacemaker
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11
Q

What is used to correct irregularities in heart rate?

A

an electrical pacemaker

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12
Q

Draw a diagram of an artery, vein and capillary

A
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13
Q

What is the funcion of an artery?

A
  • carry blood at high pressure away from heart
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14
Q

What is the funcion of a capillary?

A
  • exchange substances with cells
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15
Q

What is the function of a vein?

A
  • return blood at low pressure to heart
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16
Q

What is the size of the lumen of an artery, capillary and vein?

A

artery - narrow to maintain pressure
capillary - very narrow to keep red blood cells close to tissue cells
vein - large, less resistance to blood flow

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17
Q

Describe the walls of an artery, capillary and vein

A

artery - elastic fibres strech and recoil to maintain pressure, thick wall resists busting
capillary - very thin, short diffusion distance
vein - thin walls, low pressure

18
Q

Do arteries, capillaries, and veins have valves?

A

artery - no, high pressure keeps blood moving
capillary - no
vein - yes, prevents backflow of blood

19
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A
  • plaque builds up in coronary arteries
  • makes them narrower, reduces blood flow
  • insufficient oxygen reaches heart
  • causes heart attacks + damage to heart
20
Q

Describe how statins could be used to treat CHD

A
  • drugs lower cholesterol level in blood
  • slows down build up of plaque in arteries
21
Q

Describe how stents could be used to treat CHD

A
  • short wire mesh tube inserted into arteries to support artery
22
Q

Describe how heart transplants could be used to treat CHD

A
  • entire organ is replaced from organ donor who has died
23
Q

What are the disadvantages of using statins?

A
  • long term treatment
  • risk of side effects
  • eg digestion issues/ liver damage
24
Q

What are the disadvantages of using stents?

A
  • greater risk of blood clots
  • can become faulty
  • requires surgery, risk of infection
25
Q

What are the disadvantages of heart transplants?

A
  • requires major surgery
  • lack of donors
  • risk of infection + rejection
  • long recovery times
26
Q

What are the advantages of using statins?

A
  • prevents heart disease from developing
  • improved quality of life
27
Q

What are the advantages of using stents?

A
  • used for patients where drugs are less effective
  • offers long term benefits
  • will not be rejected from patient
  • improved quality of life
28
Q

What are the advantages of using heart transplants?

A
  • can treat complete heart failure
  • extended life
  • improved quality of life
  • artificial plastic hearts can be used until donor is found
29
Q

describe how having faulty heart valves can impact you

A
  • can cause blood to flow backwards
  • less blood passes through
  • efficiency of heart and oxygen transport is reduced
30
Q

What are the advantages of replacing faulty herat valves?

A
  • easier than heart transplant
31
Q

What are the disadvantages of replacing faulty valves?

A
  • requires major surgery
  • risk of blood clot
  • could be rejected
32
Q

What are cells?

A

the basic building blocks of all living organisms

33
Q

What are tissues?

A

a group of cells with a similar structure and function

34
Q

What are organs?

A
  • aggregations of tissues performing specfic functions
35
Q

What are organ systems?

A

organised organs

36
Q

What is blood?

A

a tissue consisting of plasma, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended

37
Q

what is the function of plasma?

A
  • transporting substances around the body (dissolved in plasma)
  • digested food + waste products (CO2 + urea)
38
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A
  • carry oxygen
39
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for carrying oxygen?

A
  • haemoglobin (red pigment) binds to oxygen in lungs + releases it to body cells
  • biconcave disc shape = increased surface area for diffusion of oxygen
  • small + flexible = can squeeze through tiny capillaries close to cells
  • no nucleus = increased space for carrying oxygen
40
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A
  • defence against infection
  • recognises non self cells
41
Q

How do white blood cells defend the body?

A
  • phagocytes engulf microorganisms
  • lymphocytes produce antibodies to kill pathogens
42
Q

What are platelets and what is their function?

A
  • fragments of cells that aid blood clotting
  • clump together to form clot to plug a hole in damaged blood vessels

biology gcse (7 decks)

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