Chapter 30: Plant diversity (seed plants) (2)

Question 1

Which phylum is by far the largest of the gymnosperm phyla?

Answer 1

Coniferophyta.

Question 2

Most conifers are ____ and can carry out photosynthesis year round

Answer 2

Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round

Question 3

Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called _____

Answer 3

Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called
– flowers and
– fruits

Question 4

What is a flower and list out its structures.

Answer 4

A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves

– Sepals, which enclose the flower
– Petals, which are brightly coloured and attract pollinators
– Stamens, which produce pollen
– Carpels, which produce ovules

Question 5

Differentiate between complete and incomplete flowers.

Answer 5

• Complete flowers – have all four organs
• Incomplete flowers – lack one or more organs

Question 6

Explain the life cycle of angiosperms

Answer 6

• Sporophyte flowers are composed of both male and female structures
• Male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains produced by the microsporangia of anthers
• Female gametophyte, or embryo sac, develops within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base of a stigma

Question 7

What are the 2 cells within a male gametophyte?

Answer 7

Each male gametophyte has two haploid cells:

– a generative cell – divides to form two sperms
– a tube cell – produces the pollen tube

Question 8

The ovule is entered via a pore called the _____

Answer 8

The ovule is entered via a pore called the micropyle.

Question 9

Explain double fertilization.

Answer 9

• One sperm fertilizes egg
• Other sperm combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm
• The triploid endosperm nourishes the developing embryo

Question 10

What is within a seed embryo?

Answer 10

Within a seed, the embryo consists of a
– root and
– two seed leaves called cotyledons

Question 11

What do gymnosperms and angiosperms have in common?

Answer 11

• Both utilize seeds as the primary means of reproduction
• Both use pollen to facilitate fertilization.
• Both have a life cycle that involves the alternation of generations
• Both have a reduced gametophyte stage

Question 12

Differentiate between angiosperms and gymnosperms.

Answer 12

• Gymnosperms have naked seeds, angiosperms have enclosed seeds
• Angiosperms are flowering plants while gymnosperms are not.
• Angiosperms use double fertilization.
• Angiosperms produce fruit.
• In angiosperms, the endosperm is triploid. Gymnosperm endosperm is diploid.

Question 13

How are angiosperms divided?

Answer 13

Angiosperms were divided into two main
groups
– Monocots (one cotyledon)
– Dicots (two dicots

Question 14

The clade __________ (“true” dicots) includes most dicots

Answer 14

The clade eudicot (“true” dicots) includes most dicots

Question 15

______________ include flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages

– Amborella
– Star anise
– Water lilies

Answer 15

Basal angiosperms include flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages.

– Amborella
– Star anise
– Water lilies

Question 16

Write the characteristics of magnolids.

Answer 16

Magnoliids include:
– magnolias,
– laurels, and
– black pepper plants

• Magnoliids are more closely related to monocots and eudicots than basal angiosperms

Question 17

What groups are monocots?

Answer 17

The largest groups are the
– orchids,
– grasses, and
– palms

Question 18

What groups are eudicots?

Answer 18

Eudicots include the:

– large legume family and
– economically important rose family

Question 19

What are the economic uses of seed plants?

Answer 19

Seed Plants are key sources of

– food,
– fuel,
– wood products, and
– medicine