Chapter 14: Early Approches To Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic and Client-Centered Perspectives

Question 1

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 1

foundation of Sigmund Freud’s psychotherapy; it forms the basis for psychoanalysis

Question 2

Psychoanalysis

Answer 2

psychodynamic approaches

Question 3

What did psychoanalytic theory start with?

Answer 3

-treating hysteria
-hypnosis used: symptoms would disappear but client developed attachment to therapist
-Freud moved to free association (what comes to mind)

Question 4

Psychic Determinism

Answer 4

a major assumption in Freudian theory

– Expressed through mundane behavior, bizarre behavior, dreams, slips of the tongue
– All behavior is meaningful and goal directed
– These are unconscious, unknown to consciousness
– Problems arise from unconscious motivations
• Therapist (analyst) uncovers unconscious mind

Question 5

Types of instincts

Answer 5

-Life
-Death

Question 6

What are instincts

Answer 6

Instincts provide unconscious energy for human functioning

Question 7

Life instincts (Eros)

Answer 7

initiate positive constructive
behavior

Question 8

Death instincts (Thanatos)

Answer 8

destructive behavior
• Freud: All behavior is instinctual

Question 9

Personality structures

Answer 9

Personality composed of three basic structures:
• Id: deep, inaccessible, urges immediate
gratification; obeys pleasure principle

• Ego: executive; organized, rational and obeys
per reality principle

• Superego: develops from ego during childhood
when Oedipus complex is resolved

Question 10

Psychosexual Stages

Answer 10

Person goes through psychosexual stages,
marked by focus on an erogenous body zone

– Oral stage: 0–1 year; satisfaction through mouth
– Anal stage: 6 months–3 years; attention on excretion
– Phallic stage: 3–7 years; source of gratification are
sexual organs
– Latency: 5–12 years; period of sexual calm – Genital stage: adolescence to adulthood; matureexpression of sexuality; all conflicts resolved

Question 11

Defense mechanisms

Answer 11

Are unconscious pathological ego defenses to resolve conflicts between id and superego

Question 12

Repression

Answer 12

basic ego defense preventing offending
material from reaching consciousness

Question 13

Fixation

Answer 13

remaining in present level of psychosexual
stage

Question 14

Regression

Answer 14

returning to a prior gratifying stage

Question 15

Reaction Formation

Answer 15

expression of opposite behavior

Question 16

Projection

Answer 16

attribution of expressed feelings to
another

Question 17

Dream analysis

Answer 17

Dreams are “royal road to the unconscious”
(Freud, 1955)
• Ego defense mechanisms relaxed during sleep
• Expressed through two levels of dream content

Question 18

Manifest content

Answer 18

actual description of dream

Question 19

Latent content

Answer 19

underlying meaning of dream
– Is unacceptable to consciousness; needs to bedisguised

Question 20

Interpretation of psychoanalysis

Answer 20

Uncovering findings of free association and
dream analysis that client kept away from
consciousness

Question 21

Resistance of psychoanalysis

Answer 21

Defense mechanism resist involuntarily as
defiant behaviors
– Disagreeing with the analyst, being late for therapy sessions, missing them entirely, evading some topics

Question 22

Transference

Answer 22

falling in love with analyst

• Countertransference: Analyst’s conflicts get
transferred onto client
– Attraction or anger toward client
– Clinicians to work through own conflicts for benefit of therapy
– Brings client’s unconscious thoughts to
consciousness
– Discussed and resolved; promote change
– Important part of psychoanalysis

Question 23

Countertransference

Answer 23

Analyst’s conflicts get
transferred onto client
– Attraction or anger toward client
– Clinicians to work through own conflicts for benefit of therapy

Question 24

Interpersonal psychotherapy

Answer 24

successful for those with depression and suicidal ideation

Question 25

Who came up with client centered therapy

Answer 25

Carl Roger’s

Question 26

phenomenological theory

Answer 26

-Basic human urge is to preserve and enhance
phenomenal self, experience of “I”
– Psychological problems arise when this is threatened,
or in danger
– A threat for one person may not be a threat for
another
– An individual’s experience best known to him/her,
making them best information source for self
– Verbal self-report is primary source of information

Question 27

Self-actualization

Answer 27

is a human tendency
- The fulfillment of one’s talent and potential producing a forward movement of life, on which therapy relies

Question 28

What are the major features that
characterize client-centered therapists?

Answer 28

Empathy

• Convey to clients
a sense of being
understood by
being sensitive to
feelings, needs,
circumstances
• Creates strong
client–therapist
bond

Question 29

Unconditional Positive Regard

Answer 29

• Respect for clients as human beings
• Sets aside preconceived notions
• Conveys trust to clients of ability to achieve inner
potential
• No place for evaluative judgments
• Atmosphere conducive for client’s personal
growth

Question 30

Congruence

Answer 30

• Also known as genuineness
• Therapists communicate genuine feelings about
client
\• They express feelings, not judgments
• Clients respond favorably to honesty and
congruence

Question 31

Research indicates:

Answer 31

– Less effective than CBT
• Change from client-centered therapy more from common factors than specific ones
• An association between self-actualization and psychological well-being
• Client-centered therapy is associated with distress reduction, increase in well-being
• Specific problems, depression, relationship and interpersonal difficulties, appear to respond to client- centered approaches