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Acute Care > Cellular Injury > Flashcards

Cellular Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of Cellular Injury

A

Hypoxia (main)
Infectious agents
Chemical agents
Physical agents
Nutritional imbalances
Immunological reactions
Genetics
Ageing

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2
Q

Describe Reversible Cell Injury

A

Cells are able to recover from injury

Is associated with cellular swelling and accumulation of intracellular lipid content

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3
Q

Describe Irreversible Cell Injury

A

“Point of no return”

Two types: apoptosis and necrosis

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4
Q

List the mechanisms of cellular injury

A
  1. ATP depletion
  2. Alteration in calcium homeostasis
  3. Permeability of cell membrane
  4. Free radical oxygen
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5
Q

Mechanism of Injury:
Describe ATP Depletion

A

Ischaemia: causes decreased mitochondrial oxygenation = loss of mitochondrial ATP

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6
Q

Mechanism of Injury
Describe: Alteration in calcium homeostasis

A

Caused by low ATP levels ➡️ ischaemia increases cytosolic Ca concentrations = damage to plasma membrane and cytoskeleton of cell ➡️ activates destructive enzyme which damages the mitochondria

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7
Q

Mechanism of Injury
Discuss: Permeability of cell membrane

A

Found in all forms of cellular injury

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8
Q

Mechanism of Injury
Discuss: Free radical oxygen

A

Activated oxygen species (free radicals) destruct cell membrane and structure (re-perfusion injury)

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9
Q

Describe: Altered Cellular Function

A

The changes in size, shape, organisation and function of a mature cell

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10
Q

Causes of Altered Cellular Function

A

Adaptation
Injury
Ageing

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11
Q

What is Apoptosis

A

A form of cellular injury

Programmed cellular death or a process of selective cellular destruction.

Can be:
Physiological: normal program of development
Pathological: elimination of infected cells

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12
Q

What is Necrosis

A

A form of irreversible cellular injury

Involves autolysis or cellular self-destruction and infiltration of inflammatory cells; macrophages and neutrophils enter to clean dead cells and debris

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13
Q

Describe: Ageing

A

Cellular ageing: Atrophy: decreased function and loss of cells

Tissue and systematic ageing: progressive stiffness and rigidity

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14
Q

Describe: Somatic Death

A

Death of an entire person

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15
Q

What is Cellular Adaptation

A

Cells ability to “adapt” to an environment to protect themselves from injury

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16
Q

Name The Cellular Adaptation Processes:

A

Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia

Dysplasia: (atypical hyperplasia, not adaptation)

17
Q

Cellular Adaptation:
Describe Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

18
Q

Cellular Adaptation
Describe Atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size

19
Q

Cellular Adaptation
Describe Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number

20
Q

Cellular Adaptation
Describe Metplasia

A

Cell changes form or the reversible replacement of one cell type by another

Acute Care (2 decks)

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