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Bio 132 > [LE 03] Endoderm > Flashcards

[LE 03] Endoderm Flashcards

1
Q

roles of the endoderm

A
  • instruct formation of the notochord, heart, blood vessels, and mesodermal germ layer
  • construct digestive and respiratory tubes
  • form the epithelium of tonsils, thyroid gland, thymus, and parathyroid gland
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2
Q

t or f: endoderm construct the digestive and respiratory tubes

A

t

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3
Q

t or f: mesodermal layer has instructions for endoderm development

A

t

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4
Q

t or f: before the digestive tube becomes a tube, it must undergo embryonic folding

A

t

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5
Q

embryonic folding in the horizontal plane results to what structures?

A

lateral body folds

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6
Q

embryonic folding in the median plane results to what structures?

A

cranial and caudal folds

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7
Q

t or f: the endoderm is responsible for the formation of the gastrointestinal tract

A

t

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8
Q

primitive gut tube differentiates into these parts

A
  • foregut
  • midgut
  • hindgut
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9
Q

the foregut is temporarily closed by what structure?

A

oropharyngeal membrane

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10
Q

the oropharyngeal membrane ruptures to form what srtucture?

A

mouth

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11
Q

stalk connection to the yolk sac formed during embryonic folding

A

vitelline duct

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12
Q

hindgut is temporarily closed by what structure?

A

cloacal membrane

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13
Q

cloacal membrane ruptures to form what structure?

A

cloacal and anal openings

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14
Q

t or f: the foregut only gives rise to the pharynx and lungs

A

f; also gives rise to the cranial parts of the digestive canal:
- esophagus
- stomach
- duodenum
- liver
- gall bladder
- pancreas

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15
Q

the midgut gives rise to what structures?

A

middle parts of the digestive canal:
- duodenum
- jejunum
- caecum
- ascending colon
- transversing colon

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16
Q

the hindgut gives rise to what structures?

A
  • allantois
  • urogenital sinus
  • transversing colon
  • descending colon
  • rectum
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17
Q

t or f: endodermal cells will develop into progenitor cells of the
lungs even without Bmp

A

f; needs even a small amount of BMP (it is a gradient)

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18
Q

gradient of signals needed in the endoderm and gut tube patterning

A

BMPs, FGFs, Wnts

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19
Q

Loss of Nodal will result to failure in endoderm specification

A

t

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20
Q

signal present for endoderm specification

A

nodal

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21
Q

signals present for mesoderm specification

A

BMP and FGF

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22
Q

this signal is expressed if endoderm is differentiated

A

Sox17

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23
Q

AFG becomes?

A

lung and thyroid

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24
Q

PFG becomes?

A

hepatoblast and pancreas

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25
Q

MG-HG becomes?

A

intestine

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26
Q

most posterior signals in endoderm and gut tube patterning

A

BMPs, FGFs, Wnts

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27
Q

what structures create the pharyngeal arches?

A

pharyngeal grooves

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28
Q

signals responsible for the formation of the pouches

A

Fgf8/3 from ectoderm and mesoderm

29
Q

t or f: signals for the endoderm progenitor fates are higher in the anterior axis

A

f; higher in the posterior axis

30
Q

t or f: Fgf8/3 is responsible for outpocketing and thus formation of glands

A

t

31
Q

signal that specifies the pouches and arch formed

A

RA

32
Q

t or f: pouch 1 to 4 have decreasing RA gradient

A

f; increasing

33
Q

t or f: pouch 4 to 1 have decreasing RA gradient

A

t

34
Q

enzymes that create RAs

A

RALDH

35
Q

enzymes that degrade RAs

A

CYP

36
Q

t or f: pouch 4 has the highest amount of RA

A

t

37
Q

t or f: the esophagus does not undergo much modification

A

t

38
Q

t or f: the esophagus becomes highly muscular

A

t

39
Q

why is the esophagus highly muscular?

A

for peristalsis

40
Q

t or f: the development of a gut part from the endoderm is affected by BMP, Wnt, and Fgf

A

f; RA, Wnt, and Fgf

41
Q

t or f: gut regionalization is due to the interaction of somatic mesoderm and the surrounding endoderm

A

f; splanchnic mesoderm

42
Q

signals from the mesoderm that represses foregut identity

A

Wnt, Fgf4, RA

43
Q

t or f: with the presence of Wnt, Fgf4, and RA, foregut can form

A

f; these signals must be inhibited

44
Q

t or f: if wnt-antagonists are present, there will be no formation of MG and HG

A

t

45
Q

t or f: if wnt is present, the foregut can form

A

f

46
Q

signals for gut regionalization is from the endoderm

A

f; from the mesoderm

47
Q

t or f: Sox17 is necessary for gut specification but not endoderm specification

A

f

48
Q

t or f: the surrounding mesenchyme specifies the type of gut formed

A

t

49
Q

a signal secreted by mesenchyme cells which inhibits Wnt to form the stomach epithelium

A

Barx1

50
Q

proproliferation signal in the intestinal crypt

A

Wnt2b

51
Q

prodifferentiation signal in the intestinal crypt

A

BMP4

52
Q

function of the intestinal crypt

A

for replenishing the villi

53
Q

t or f: the stomach is identified from the esophagus through Gata4 expression

A
54
Q

t or f: the stomach epithelium is made up of one cell type.

A

f

55
Q
A
56
Q

t or f: the proliferation and differentiation signals are expressed at the same region in the
intestinal crypt

A

f

57
Q

parietal cells secretion

A

HCl

58
Q

chief cells secretion

A

digestive enzymes

59
Q

pit cells secretion

A

mucus

60
Q

t or f: the forestomach has glands

A

f

61
Q

t or f: different cells/ tissues have different signaling that takes care of morphogenesis

A

t

62
Q

signals in stomach patterning that allows the foregut to develop

A

noggin and sox2

63
Q

signal in the corpus gland unit

A

Gata4

64
Q

Gata4 is activated by what signal

A

BMP

65
Q

transcription factor in the chief cells

A

MIST1

66
Q

tf in the pit cells

A

FOXQ1

67
Q

signals for stomach patterning that are inhibitory to each other

A

sox2/cdx2

68
Q
A

Bio 132 (5 decks)

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