Final Review

Question 1

What is the most likely cause of colitis in a horse in this area and what can you use to treat it?

Answer 1

(PHF and oxytetracycline)

Question 2

What are empiric antibiotic choices for treatment of Salmonella?

Answer 2

(Aminoglycosides, ceftiofur (need high dose and shorter adm frequency), and enrofloxacin (best option))

Question 3

What are empiric antibiotic choices for treatment of Clostridium difficile?

Answer 3

(Metronidazole and penicillin)

Question 4

What are empiric antibiotic choices for treatment of coronavirus causing colitis?

Answer 4

(None, want to prevent secondary infections though so choose a broad spectrum, IV, bactericidal drug)

Question 5

What is the mechanism of action of lidocaine?

Answer 5

(Sodium channel blocker → decreases nerve conduction wherever it is placed)

Question 6

High doses of sodium channel blockers are associated with what clinical signs?

Answer 6

(Convulsions, cardiovascular collapse, death)

Question 7

What are the two most clinically relevant adverse effects of morphine in horses?

Answer 7

(Ileus and CNS excitement)

Question 8

In what type of patients is respiratory and CV depression a possible concern associated with the use of opioids?

Answer 8

(Neonates, geriatrics, patients with head trauma, and those that already have respiratory and/or CV dz)

Question 9

(T/F) Butorphanol is considered less effective for pain compared to full mu agonists.

Answer 9

(T)

Question 10

(T/F) Butorphanol is antitussive.

Answer 10

(T)

Question 11

(T/F) Vatinoxan, though it is an alpha 2 antagonist, would be useless to reverse an alpha 2 agonist.

Answer 11

(T, it cannot cross the BBB so it cannot reverse the sedative effects of an alpha 2 agonist)

Question 12

What is the purpose of combining ace with an opioid and/or an alpha 2 agonist?

Answer 12

(Ace increases the beneficial effects of both opioids and alpha 2 agonists (neuroleptanalgesia I guess))

Question 13

Why should Tilden or OsPhos not be combined with an NSAID?

Answer 13

(If your goal is to fry to kidneys, go ahead (both can injure the kidneys))

Question 14

In what cases should empirical treatment for kennel cough be pursued?

Answer 14

(When coughing/respiratory signs persist > 10 days and/or get worse)

Question 15

What antibiotic is the treatment of choice for empiric kennel cough therapy?

Answer 15

(Doxycycline, could also choose clavamox)

Question 16

Why might you prophylactically treat a horse with antibiotics prior to joint surgery when you wouldn’t for a dog?

Answer 16

(Bc if a horse gets a septic joint, it could be a death sentence)

Question 17

For what reasons might you put a dog with neoplasia on an NSAID?

Answer 17

(To treat/pain and inflammation associated with the cancer and some tumors express COX-2 so as an anti-cancer therapy)

Question 18

Elevations in which liver value would make NSAIDs contraindicated?

Answer 18

(Bile acids (and I guess ammonia since they both indicate liver function); also if there were decreases in the other liver function markers (BUN, glucose, cholesterol, albumin) → want a functioning liver when treating with NSAIDs since that’s where they are metabolized)