PU550 Public Health Leadership and Administration - Unit 1 Definition of Leadership and the Public Health System Flashcards
What report provided a clear description of public health leadership in the 20th century that highlighted the need for effective leadership and specificity training in public health practitioners?
The 1988 IOM’s report.
What skills did the 1988 IOM report emphasis that public health leaders needed substantial technical competence?
- Dealing with public health issues
- Ability to manage complex organizations
- Strong communication skills
- An understanding of the political dimensions of the public health decision making process
What was the IOM later renamed?
National Academy of Medicine
Who set out to develop the competencies that individuals completing various public health degrees should possess?
The Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (ASPPH)
What are the three core functions of public health identified for agencies at all levels of government?
Assessment - involves systematically collecting, assembling,
analyzing, and making available information about the health of the community.
Policy Development - involves acting in the public interest to develop
comprehensive public health policies through decisions that are based on scientific knowledge.
Assurance - to constituents that they will be provided with the
necessary services—either from the agency itself or through another public or private entity—to
meet agreed-upon health goals. Guaranteeing high-priority personal and community health services to every member of the community.
IOM provided the groundwork for the ten essential public health services. What are they?
- Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems.
- Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.
- Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues.
- Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems.
- Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
- Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
- Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable.
- Assure competent public and personal health care workforce. (Effective PH leadership)
- Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services.
- Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.
What are the four overarching leadership areas that encompasses the Public Health Leadership Competency Framework?
- Core transformational leadership competencies
- Legal and political competencies
- Transorganizational competencies
- Team leadership and dynamics competencies
What is an interactive process, not a one-way process, as leaders and followers affect one another?
It is not confined to the person who is formally designated as the leader of a group; in practice, anyone can be a leader.
Leadership
[QUOTE]
Leadership is the art of getting someone else to do something that you want done because he wants to do it - Dwight D. Eisenhower
Why should you want to do what your leader wants you to do?
Defining leadership may be like defining beauty: It lies in the eyes of the beholder.
Finish the sentence.
_____________ another individual group is based on the manner in which a leader engages with the other person; leadership does not exist if _____________ does not occur.
Influencing; influence.
What plays a major role in the development of emergent leaders?
Communication behaviors
What is an intentional process in that the person leading does so deliberately? Leaders want to lead.
Leadership
To state that an individual attempts to lead simply recognizes the fact that leaders are
not always successful in this process of influencing others.
What is a process that occurs whenever an individual intentionally acts to influence another individual or group, regardless of the reason, in an effort to achieve a common goal, which may or may not contribute to the success of the organization?
Leadership
T/F The common goal in leadership and the other people who are following may not contribute to the success of the organization.
True.
What is a transaction between leaders and the people who follow them, not a trait or characteristic of the leader?
Leadership
By defining leadership as a process rather than a collection of traits, what does this accomplish?
Approaching leadership this way, it focuses on the interactions between leaders and followers and it highlights practices that be learned from leaders’ behavior.
Thus, leadership can be available to everyone, not just people with desired characteristics.
T/F Lack of success interferes with the process of leadership.
False.
What do leaders use to engage with another individual or group?
Normally with a common purpose.
An individual attempting to influence others may do so for a wide variety of reasons that may or may not be considered appropriate; history is replete with examples both good and bad.
What is assigned leadership?
In formal organizations, individuals become leaders due to their assigned positions and is very common in public health, most obviously among the directors of state, territorial, county, or city public health organizations.
What is a prerequisite for leadership?
A common goal.
This is because leading involves one or more individuals having a mutual purpose and achieving something together.
When does emergent leadership occur?
This occurs when people exercise leadership even though they have not been assigned to formal leadership roles.
Such a leader may emerge from a work group over time as other individuals in the group come to recognize and support the individual’s leadership.
T/F All assigned leaders are leaders within the organization.
False. According to the definition of leadership, the MOST influential person in the organization would function in a leadership role.
What do leaders use to produce change in their followers?
Power.
Aside from communication behaviors, what is another key role player in the development of emergent leaders?
Personality
What are three traits that were associated with individuals who emerged as leaders in their personality?
- Dominance
- Intelligence
- General Self-Efficacy
They found that leaders who were rated high in all three areas (HHH) emerged as leaders more often than individuals who were low in all three (LLL).
Using social identity theory, why would emergent leaders arise from certain groups?
They would emerge based on the degree they match the identity of the group as a whole.
A prototype of a group member develops, and emergent leaders become attractive to the
group if they have a strong resemblance to the group prototype. As a result, the group allows those
individuals to exhibit influence.
What are the communication behaviors that help play a role in the development of emergent leaders?
- Verbal involvement
- Initiation of new ideas
- Firmness without rigidity
- Being informed
- Seeking the opinions of others
What are the five bases of power that exists between two individuals in the influence relationship (i.e., the person influencing and the person being influenced)?
These five bases of power are commonly used to increase the influence of leaders on behaviors, attitudes, and values of followers.
Referent power - based on the followers’ identification with and liking for the leader. A TEACHER who is adored by students has referent power.
Expert power - based on the followers’ perceptions of the leader’s competence. A TOUR GUIDE who is knowledgeable about a foreign country has expert power.
Reward power - derived from one’s capacity to provide rewards to others. A SUPERVISOR who gives rewards to employees who work hard is using reward power.
Legitimate power - associated with status or formal job authority. A JUDGE who administers sentences in the courtroom exhibits legitimate power.
Coercive power - derived from one’s capacity to penalize or punish others. A COACH who sits players on the bench for being late to practice is using coercive power.
At the center of the definition of leadership, what is a key ingredient in the influence process aside from personality and communication behaviors?
Power.
When they are able to influence their follower’s beliefs, attitudes, and courses of action, they are said to have power.
What might happen if there is more emphasis on management?
What might happen if there is more emphasis on leadership?
If the emphasis on managing is paramount, risk taking will be inhibited, and the bureaucracy created will lack a clear purpose.
If the emphasis on leadership is paramount, the order of the organization can be upset and unrealistic change produced.
Management may lead to coercion, whereas leadership is based on mutual influence within the leader–follower relationship.
Why are management and leadership not synonyms?
Because management means to act on someone while leadership involves influencing someone.
What bases of power make up the key aspect of position power in a organization?
Legitimate, reward, and coercive bases of power.
There is much discussion around how management and leadership compares and contrasts. What are some of these statements?
Some consider leadership simply to be one of the key managerial
roles.
Managers seek to develop order and predictability, whereas leaders, on the 33
other hand, create organizational change.
All in all, people agree that both need to be balanced.
T/F A manager does not have to be a leader, nor does a leader have to be a manager.
True.
The five bases of power are closely related to two key aspects of power in organizations. What are they?
Personal power - refers to being knowledgeable and liked; based on the perception of the followers and includes both REFERENT and EXPERT power.
Position power - refers to power conferred on an individual based on a particular rank or office within a formal organization. It corresponds with the bases of power of LEGITIMATE, REWARD, and COERCIVE.
What bases of power make up the key aspect of personal power in a organization?
Referent and expert.
What in its simplest form is the act of working with and through people in order to complete the work at hand in an effective and efficient manner?
Management
What are the five classic functions that management is based on to attain an organization’s goals?
Planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.
T/F Public health practitioners must develop the qualities necessary for effective leadership but not managerial skills.
False. They need both.
Management cannot be replaced by leadership; thus, leadership should always be in addition to management.
What are the six key characteristics that lay the foundation for an individual to be a successful leader?
Not to be confused with personal qualities of heart, mindfulness, communication, courage, and character.
Communication, consistency, comprehension of the relationship between trust and understanding, the ability to be adaptive, emotional intelligence, and integrity.
High-performing organization require both management and leaders. Lets look over the main aspects of leaders and managers. Is this a leader or manager?
- Create boundaries in order to provide better control.
- Maintains a long-term view and provides direction to the organization, establishing a vision, strategy, and organizational values.
- Engages in the functions of organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling, without which organizations cannot succeed.
- Serve as coaches, facilitate interaction within the group, and provide support.
- Deeply involved in the day-to-day functions of planning and budgeting, always keeping the bottom line in mind.
- Focuses on position power, considering that _________ are often bosses.
- Focus on people and strive to inspire and motivate their followers.
- Align followers and work to reduce boundaries to the organization’s
shared culture. - Instead of focusing on people, __________ focus more on objects, or the products of the organization.
- Manager
- Leader
- Manager
- Leader
- Manager
- Manager
- Leader
- Leader
- Manager
Aside from communication behaviors, personality, and power, what type of personal qualities are associated with leadership?
How does manager personal qualities differ?
Heart (emotional connections)
Mindfulness (open mindedness)
Communication (listening)
Courage (Nonconformity)
Character (Insight to self)
Managers maintain emotional distance and value conformity. They seek to develop an expert mind and maintain insight into the organization. Managers maintain stability while creating a culture of efficiency.
Leaders aim to create change and develop a culture of integrity.
What key characteristic in the foundation of successful leadership helps establish and increase trust between leaders and their subordinates and superiors, which in turn builds increased understanding and trust for the future?
Consistency
Leadership is an art as well as a science.
Why does the art of leadership revolve around interpersonal relationships?
What happens when leadership is approached as an art?
Because of the constant networking and broad array of stakeholder relationships required of public health leaders.
The practice is then embedded in people, and decisions based primarily on the leader’s perceptions of people.
What occurs in a stepwise manner, that when this process is worked through by a leader or team, leverage and learning occur?
This provides a useful toolbox for public health leaders as they consider methods and means by which they will lead and move their organizations ahead.
Systems thinking analysis
Define the “Escalation” archetype, a pattern of behavior in a system.
These definitions include description, mental model, and key strategy.
From left to right:
Description
Mental Modal
Key Strategy
Define the “Drifting Goals” archetype, a pattern of behavior in a system.
These definitions include description, mental model, and key strategy.
From left to right:
Description
Mental Modal
Key Strategy
Define the “Fixes that Fail” archetype, a pattern of behavior in a system.
These definitions include description, mental model, and key strategy.
From left to right:
Description
Mental Modal
Key Strategy
Define the “Growth & Underinvestment” archetype, a pattern of behavior in a system.
These definitions include description, mental model, and key strategy.
From left to right:
Description
Mental Modal
Key Strategy
Define the “Limits to Success” archetype, a pattern of behavior in a system.
These definitions include description, mental model, and key strategy.
From left to right:
Description
Mental Modal
Key Strategy
Define the “Shifting the Burden” archetype, a pattern of behavior in a system.
These definitions include description, mental model, and key strategy.
From left to right:
Description
Mental Modal
Key Strategy
Define the “Success to be Successful” archetype, a pattern of behavior in a system.
These definitions include description, mental model, and key strategy.
From left to right:
Description
Mental Modal
Key Strategy
Define the “Tragedy of the Commons” archetype, a pattern of behavior in a system.
These definitions include description, mental model, and key strategy.
From left to right:
Description
Mental Modal
Key Strategy
Public health leadership intersects with three core functions of public health and the work of public health can be viewed in terms of what?
Planning and action.
Thinking systemically, as well as strategically, is an important aspect of public health leadership. Use of a systems approach to public health leadership and application of the three core functions of public health require innovative approaches.
What are the 16 public health leadership principles that should be internalized by all public health practitioners and especially, public health leaders?
See image.
