The behaviourist approach Flashcards
breifley explain classical conditioning
all animals are born with a number of natural reflexes.These happen due to stimulus and is a natural occurring stimulus.
when other stimuli are continuity associated with this stimulus then eventually they too trigger the same response and the animal is considerd to have been ‘classically conditioned’.
who discovered the process of classical conditioning and when?
Ivan Pavlov (1927)
what was pavlov
Russian physiologist
what sparked Pavlov’s interest?
he was investigating the salivary reflex in dogs when he noticed that dogs not only salivated when food was int here mouths but when they were presented with a stimuli that often coincided with the presence of food
give the eqautions for classical condiditioning?
before conditioning:
UCS(unconditionied stimulus)->UCR(unconditioned response)
NS(no stimulus)->NR(no response)
during conditioning :
UCS+NS -> UCR
after conditioning:
CS->CR
how did pavlov(1927) tested classical conditioning?
rang bell with food over and over again .Eventually the dog salivated by the bell alone.
list the 4 other important features of classical conditioning?
timing
extinction
spontaneous recovery
spontaneous generalisation
explain timing and classical conditioning?
NS can not be used to predict the UCS, then conditioning does not take place
explain extinction and classical conditioning?
Pavlov discovered that unlike the UCR the CR does not become permanently established after a response. After a few presentations of the CS without the UCS , it loses its ability to produce the CR
explain classical conditioning and spontaneous recovery?
following extintion , if the CS and UCS are paired together again , the link is made much quicker
explain stimulus generalisation and classical conditioning?
once an animal has been conditioned ,they will also respond to other stimuli that is similar to the CS.
who came up with operant conditioning ,when?
Skinner , 1938
what is the main idea behind classical conditioning?
organisms spontaneously produce random behaviour and these cause positive or negative consequences for the behaviour. whether or not the organism repeats that behaviour is dependent on the response. (it is reinforced)
explain Skinner’s experiment?
developed a special cage called a ‘skinners box’
rat moves around cage. Foot accidentally presses lever and food pellet falls into the cage.
in no time at all the hungry rat begins pressing the lever in order to get food.
if the food pellets stop then the rat presses the lever a few more times before stopping.
explain positive reinforcement
when behaviour produces a response that is both pleasant and rewarding for the organisms
