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Geography > 18. UK Economy > Flashcards

18. UK Economy Flashcards

1
Q

What has been the general trend/change in the UK economy?

A
  • it has developed from primary sector dependence in 1800’s to secondary sector in 1900 to tertiary and quaternary sectors in 2000’s
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2
Q

Why has de-industrialisation occured in the UK?

A
  • machines replaced many workers in modern industries
  • there is cheaper goods due to cheaper labour elsewhere
  • UK goods are too expensive due to high labour costs and lack of investment
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3
Q

What has the effect of globalisation been on the UK?

A
  • meant more imported goods to the UK and also decline in UK manafacturing
  • lead to explosion of UK quaternary sector and boosted world trade
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4
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The growth and spread of ideas around the world. This can involve the movement or spread of cultures, people money goods and info

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5
Q

What have the changes in the UK’s policies been due to globalisation?

A
  • from second world war to 1970’s it was mostly state run industries which were not competitive
  • then was privatised from 1970
  • in 2010 government tried to reduce reliance on service sectir and done by rebuilding manafacturing sector with HS2 and encouraging global firms to locate in the UK
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6
Q

How much does the service sector/the finance sector contribute to GDP and employment (UK)

A
  • 72%
  • 10% (2 million people)
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7
Q

What is a science park?

A
  • a group of scientific and techinical knowledge businesses located on a single site
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8
Q

What is the university of Southampton Science Park case study? (general info)

A
  • opened in 1986, 100 small science and innovation businesses
  • e.g FibreCore - fibre optics company
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9
Q

what are the benefits of the University of Southampton Science Park?

A
  • links with the Uni which provides academic talent and research facilities
  • extensive green areas and woodlands so is attractive
  • high speed broadband and health club on site
  • has excellent transport links, it is close to the M3, the southampton airport and the railway station
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10
Q

What is a business park?

A
  • an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses
  • located on the edge of towns (as more land available, less congestion than town, cheaper land)
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11
Q

What is some general info about the Cobalt business Park (Newcastle)

A
  • UKs largest business park
  • North East has economic decline so business there have government assistance
  • Siemens, IBM and more in the park
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12
Q

What are the benefits of Cobalt Business Park?

A
  • has a fitness centre, cycleways and greenspaces
  • close to A1 road and is 20 mins from international airport
  • receive government assistance
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13
Q

What is the impact of industry on the physical environment UK

A
  • manufacturing plants can have a negative unappealing effect on the landscape
  • transport of raw materials and manafacturing products is generally by road which adds to air pollution
  • waste products are often taken to landfill and in the ground they can harm/pollute soil, water and the air
  • industrial pollution causes air and water pollution and soil degradation
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14
Q

What are 4 ways indsutrial development can be made more sustainable UK?

A
  • technology can be used to remove harmful emmissions from power stations and heavy industry
  • desulphurisation removes harmful gases like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from power stations
  • stricter environment targets for water quality, air quality and landscape damage
  • heavy fines for industrial pollution incidents
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15
Q

What 3 harmful things can quarries do to the environment?

A
  1. Scar the landscape
  2. destroy natural habitats
  3. pollute water
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16
Q

How can quarries be improved after usage?

A
  • used as landfill
  • used for agriculture
  • used for habitat creation
  • used for housing
  • used for flood storage
17
Q

What is the general info about the Torr Quarry (UK)

A
  • Medip Hills Somerset
  • 100 people employed, contributes £15 million to local economy
  • output fallen from 8million tonnes to 5 million tonnes (rocks used for construction of roads)
18
Q

How is Torr Quarry being made sustainable?

A
  • quarry is being used to create willdlife lakes for recreation and water supply
  • 200 acres of the site have been landscaped to look natural
  • rail transport reduces impact on local villages and roads
19
Q

What is happening to the population of South Cambridgeshire?

A
  • population of South Cambridgeshire is likely to reach 189,000 from 154,00
  • 1.5 million immigrants (UK), 1 million from Poland
  • 29% of population is 65 or more
20
Q

What have been the social effects of an increasing population in South Cambridgeshire?

A
  • local rural economy has not been affected as commuters generally use services in town centre
  • 80% car ownership means increasing traffic on narrow country roads
  • young people cannot afford high cost of homes and move away
21
Q

What are the economic effects of a growing population in South Cambridgeshire?

A
  • reduction in agriculutural employment as farmers sell land for housing (though does help construction employment)
  • lack of affordable housing
  • highest petrol prices in the country
  • increasing number of migrants puts pressure on services
22
Q

Where is the Outer Hebdrides and what is its population trend?

A
  • it has a decreasing population from 46,000 in 1901 to 27,000 in 2015
  • decline due to outward migration as young people leave to seek opportunities
  • North of Scotland
23
Q

What have the social effects of the declining population of the Outer Hebrides been?

A
  • school children numbers are likely to fall and this means school closures
  • fewer working people age on the islands
  • increasingly aeging population
24
Q

What are the economic effects to the Outer Hebrides?

A
  • main farming economy is breeding sheep
  • in 1948 there were more than 900 boats now there are a handful
  • foreign ships dominate deep-sea fishing
  • 27% increase in visitors to the island (between 2007 and 2014) due to natural unspoiled beauty
  • current infratsructure is not enough to support
25
Q

How is the government improving roads/the South-West super highway case study?

A
  • 100 new road schemes by 2030
  • smart motoways between Birmingham and London
  • £2 billion dollar road widening super highway (creates lots of jobs)
  • expands and connects A303
26
Q

How is the government improving rail in the UK/London’s Crossrail?

A
  • HS2 - 88 billion plan to connect London to Birmingham
  • Crossrail - links Reading and Heathrow to east of London
  • £16.8 billion
  • improve journey times across London, easing congestion and offering better connections to UK and Europe
  • bring 1.5 million more poeple to 45 mins commute of London
  • 200 million people expected to use Crossrail per year
27
Q

How is the government improving the UK’s ports/Liverpool2?

A
  • new container terminal at port of Liverpool
  • £400 million
  • doubled the port’s capacity
  • created over 5000 jobs
  • boosts the economy of the north west
  • reduces amount of freight on the roads
28
Q

How is the government improving airports/Heathrow expansion?

A
  • aviation is 3.6% of GDP
  • employs over 300,000people
  • 2 million tonnes of freight per year
  • 420000 flights and 35 million seats(domestic)
  • new runaway at heathrow (18.6 billion)
  • create more jobs and make money for the UK (increased capacity to 740,00/annum)
  • people are concerned about noise
29
Q

Why is there a north-south divide?

A
  • during the Industrial Revolution most of the growth was in the coalfields in the North and Scotland and Wales
  • however these industries have declined and lead to more unemployment
  • London and South east has developed rapidly due to growing service sector
30
Q

What is a local enterprise partnership?

A
  • partnerships between businesses and governments
  • identify business needs in local areas and convinve company to invest
  • this will boost local economy
31
Q

What is an enterprise zone?

A
  • encourages establishment of new businesses and new jobs in areas with none
  • support from government through
  • business rate discount of £275,000 over a 5 year period
  • provision of superfast broadband
  • financial allowances for plants and machineries
  • simpler planning regulations
  • most in the North
32
Q

What is the Lancashire LEP case study?

A
  • area of traditional textiles industry
  • LEP Lancashire will create 50,000 jobs
  • Business growth hub with 400 businesses and 1100 jobs
  • 20 million in transport improvements
  • enterprise zones at Samlesbury means 6000 jobs in AEM sector
33
Q

What are the UK’s trade relationships?

A
  • mainly exports to Germany, USA and China (31,432 million, 38588 million, 15934 million)
  • mainly imports from Germany (59,365), USA (32,863) and China (33891)
34
Q

What is the television/culture case study?

A
  • 1.28 billion in export earnings 2014
  • mainly to english speaking markets but chinese markets are on the rise to £17 million (40% increas)
35
Q

What is the ArcticFibre project?

A
  • links London and Tokyo and Europe and Asia, 15000 km of cables
36
Q

How has the EU affected the UK?

A
  • GDPR
  • high unemployment and poor wages in Eastern Europe meant large amounts of migration from EU
  • single largest market itw

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