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2nd Experimental psychology > Midterm Prac Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Prac Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Data about opinions, attitudes, preferences, and behaviors using questionnaire

A

Survey research

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2
Q

What is a major advantage of anonymous surveys?

A

Increased accuracy of responses to sensitive questions

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3
Q

What is the primary limitation of the survey approach?

A

Inability to test causal relationships

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4
Q

What is the first step in constructing surveys?

A

Identifying specific research objectives

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5
Q

What is the purpose of closed questions?

A

To limit response options

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6
Q

What scale assigns items to two or more distinct categories but does not measure their magnitude?

A

Nominal scale

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7
Q

Which of the following is NOT a concern when constructing survey questions?
A) Simplicity
B) Ambiguity
C) Exhaustive response choices
D) Longevity

A

Longevity

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8
Q

What is the tendency to respond to questions without regard to their actual wording called?

A

Response bias

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9
Q

Which type of interview allows for exploration of interesting topics as they arise?

A

Unstructured interviews

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10
Q

What are the probability sampling method?

A

• Simple random sampling
• Systematic random sampling
• Stratified Random sampling
• Cluster sampling

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11
Q

What are the nonprobability sampling method?

A

• Quota sampling
• Convenience sampling
• Purposive sampling
• Snowball sampling

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12
Q

What is the measure of the degree of linear correlation between two variables ranging from -1 through 0 to +1?

A

Correlation coefficient

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13
Q

What are the property of correlation coefficients?

A
  • Linearity
    • Sign
    • probability
    • Magnitude
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14
Q

What is a graphic display of pairs of data points on the x and y axes called?

A

Scatterplot

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15
Q

What is the term for an artificial restriction of the range of X and Y that can reduce the strength of a correlation coefficient?

A

Range truncation

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16
Q

What type of study compares the effects of treatments on preexisting groups of subjects?

A

Nonequivalent groups design

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17
Q

What is the measure of the amount of variability that can be explained by a predictor variable?

A

Coefficient of determination

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18
Q

Which design measures relationships over time to suggest a causal path?

A

Cross-lagged panel design

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19
Q

What is the term for creating and testing models that suggest cause-and-effect relationships between behaviors?

A

Causal modeling

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20
Q

What type of scale assigns items to distinct categories but does not measure their magnitude?

A

Nominal scale

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21
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of response style?
A) Willingness to answer
B) Social desirability
C) Position reference
D) Double-barreled questions

A

D) Double-barreled questions

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22
Q

What type of questions can be answered using a limited number of alternatives and have a high imposition of units?

A

Closed/ Structured questions

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23
Q

What is the term for selecting an answer based on its position?

A

Position reference

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24
Q

What is the major step in constructing surveys?

A

Collect survey data

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25
Q

Measures the magnitude of the dependent variable using equal intervals between values with no absolute zero point

A

interval scale

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26
Q

What is the concern when constructing survey items?

A

Irrelevant to the survey’s central topic

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27
Q

What is the tendency to agree with an item regardless of its manifest content called?

A

Yea-saying

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28
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of interview?
Structured interviews
Unstructured interviews
Semi-structured interviews
Closed interviews

A

Closed interviews

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29
Q

What statistical technique is used to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables?

A

Simple correlation

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30
Q

Which of the following is a longitudinal design?
Cross-sectional study
Pretest/posttest design
Nonequivalent groups design
Longitudinal study

A

Longitudinal study

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31
Q

The amount of variability explained by a predictor variable

A

coefficient of determination estimating

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32
Q

What term describes the tendency to respond to questions without regard to their actual wording?

A

Response bias

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33
Q

What type of questions can be answered using a limited number of alternatives and have a high imposition of units?

A

Structured questions

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34
Q

What is the purpose of using closed questions in surveys?

A

To limit response options

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35
Q

What is the primary concern when constructing survey questions?

A

Ambiguity

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36
Q

Representing oneself in a socially appropriate fashion when responding

A

social desirability

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37
Q

Questions are asked the same way each time

A

structured interviews

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38
Q

What is the term for selecting an answer based on its position within a survey?

A

Position reference

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39
Q

Which of the following is NOT a major step in constructing surveys?
- Decide on the degree of imposition of unit
- Decide how you will analyze the survey
- Collect survey data
- Identify specific research objectives

A
  • Collect survey data
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40
Q

Measures the strength of a linear association

A

Pearson’s r

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41
Q

What is the measure of the amount of variability that can be explained by a predictor variable?

A

Coefficient of determination

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42
Q

What type of study compares the effects of treatments on preexisting groups of subjects?

A

Nonequivalent groups design

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43
Q

What is the term for creating and testing models that suggest cause-and-effect relationships between behaviors?

A

Causal modeling

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44
Q

What is the tendency to agree with an item regardless of its manifest content called?

A

Yea-saying

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45
Q

What is the tendency to disagree with an item regardless of its manifest content called?

A

Nay-saying

46
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of interview?
- Structured interviews
- Unstructured interviews
- Semi-structured interviews
- Closed interviews

A

Closed interviews

47
Q

Iis used to determine the strength of a linear association between two variables?

A

Pearson Product Moment Correlation

48
Q

What measures the magnitude of the dependent variable using ranks, but does not assign precise values?

A

Ordinal Scale.

49
Q

What measures the magnitude of the dependent variable using equal intervals between values and an absolute zero?

A

Ratio Scale

50
Q

It allows researchers to study private experience, which cannot be directly observed.

A

Survey Approach

51
Q

Advantages of the survey approach can efficiently collect large amounts of data.(t/f)

A

True

52
Q

Advantages of the survey approach can efficiently collect small amounts of data.(t/f)

A

False

53
Q

Participants respond with more than a yes or 1-10 rating that have a low imposition of units.

A

Open-ended Questions.

54
Q

Tendency to guess or omit items when unsure.

A

Willingness to Answer

55
Q

The plain meaning of the words printed on page.

A

Manifest Content

56
Q

Changes in question interpretation due to their position within a survey.

A

Context Effects

57
Q

Consists of all people, animals, or objects
that share at least one characteristic.

A

Population

58
Q

Subset of the population of interest

A

Sample

59
Q

In assumptions of Pearson’s r two continuous variables should be paired, which means that each case has two values.(t/f)

A

True

60
Q

In assumptions of Pearson’s r four continuous variables should be paired, which means that each case has two values.(t/f)

A

False

61
Q

Assumptions of Pearson’s r is there should be a linear relationship between your two continuous variables.
(t/f)

A

True

62
Q

Assumptions of Pearson’s r is there should be a linear relationship between your five continuous variables.
(t/f)

A

False

63
Q

Assumptions of Pearson’s r where each variable is approximately normally distributed.
(t/f)

A

True

64
Q

Assumptions of Pearson’s r where all variable is approximately normally distributed. (t/f)

A

False

65
Q

In assumptions of Pearson’s r there should be no significant outliers (t/f)

A

True

66
Q

In assumptions of Pearson’s r there should be significant outliers (t/f)

A

False

67
Q

Relation between two variables in which high scores on one go with high scores on the other, mediums with mediums, and lows with lows (direct correlation).

A

Positive Correlation

68
Q

Relation between two variables in which high scores on one go with low scores on the other, mediums with mediums, and lows with highs (inverse correlation)

A

Negative Correlation.

69
Q

Superficially resemble experiments, but lack their required manipulation of antecedent conditions and/or random assignment to conditions.

A

Quasi experiments

70
Q

Quasi experiments may study the effects of preexisting antecedent conditions- life events or subject characteristics- on behavior. (T/f)

A

True

71
Q

Quasi experiments may study the effects of non-existing antecedent conditions- life events or subject characteristics- on behavior. (T/f)

A

False

72
Q

We should use quasi-experiments when we cannot or should not manipulate antecedent conditions. (T/f)

A

True

73
Q

We should use quasi-experiments when we can or should manipulate antecedent conditions. (T/f)

A

False

74
Q

means how the relationship between x and y can be plotted as a line or a curve.

A

Linearity

75
Q

refers to whether the correlation coefficient is positive or negative.

A

Sign

76
Q

is the strength of the correlation coefficient, ranging from -1 to +1.

A

Magnitude

77
Q

is the likelihood of obtaining a correlation coefficient of this magnitude due to chance.

A

Probability

78
Q

. Are extreme scores. They usually affect correlations by disturbing the trends in the data.

Range truncation removes this.

A

Outliers

79
Q

Since correlations are symmetrical, A could cause B just as readily as B could cause A (Does insomnia cause depression or does depression cause insomnia?)

A

Causal direction.

80
Q

Two variables-insomnia and depression- may affect each other.

A

Bidirectional causation.

81
Q

Family conflict-may create the appearance that insomnia and depression are related to each other.

A

Third variable problem.

82
Q

When they want to know whether there is a relationship among three or more variables.

A

Multiple correlation (R)

83
Q

Researchers use this to predict behavior measured by one variable based on scores on two or more other variables.

A

multiple regression

84
Q

means “after the fact.” A researcher examines the effects of already existing subject variables but does not manipulate them.

A

Ex post facto

85
Q

Researcher creates and tests models of possible causal sequences using multiple regression analysis.

A

Path analysis

86
Q

Same group of subjects is measured at different points of time to determine the effect of time on behavior.

A

Longitudinal designs.

87
Q

Subjects at different developmental stages (classes) are compared at the same point in time

A

Cross-sectional Studies

88
Q

A researcher measures behavior before and after an event. This is quasi- experimental because there is no control condition

A

Pretest/Posttest Designs.

89
Q

How are responses from open-ended questions typically analyzed?

A

Employing content analysis

90
Q

What is the main concern with double-barreled (compound)
questions?

A

They lead to confusion and unreliable data

91
Q

What does Pearson’s r compare between two variables?

A

The covariance

92
Q

Experiments lacking manipulation of antecedent conditions

A

quasi experiments

93
Q

A design where two different variables are measured to determine their relationship

A

correlational design

94
Q

Magnitude of differences with equal intervals

A

interval scale measure

95
Q

Which of the following is NOT a concern when constructing survey questions?
a. Keeping items simple and unambiguous
b. Including unrelated ideas in one question
c. Using exhaustive response choices
d. Avoiding double negatives

A

Including unrelated ideas in one question

96
Q

What type of analysis is the nominal scale useful for?

A

Descriptive analysis

97
Q

What is another name for negative correlation?

A

Inverse correlation

98
Q

What is another name for Positive correlation?

A

Direct correlation

99
Q

The degree of association between two variables

A

correlation coefficient measure

100
Q

What is a correlation coefficient of
-1 indicative of?

A

perfect negative correlation

101
Q

What is a correlation coefficient of
+1 indicative of?

A

A perfect positive correlation

102
Q

What is a correlation coefficient of
0 indicative of?

A

No correlation

103
Q

When constructing survey questions, what is the primary reason for keeping items simple and unambiguous?

A

To minimize misunderstanding

104
Q

Selecting the last option on a multiple-choice test

A

position preference

105
Q

is characterized by Disagreeing with statements regardless of content

A

Negativity bias

106
Q

Selecting “Agree” without considering the content of the statements

A

acquiescence bias

107
Q

What is the primary advantage of content analysis in analyzing open-ended questions?

A

Facilitates the interpretation of qualitative data

108
Q

What kind of questions allow respondents to provide detailed, qualitative responses?

A

Open-ended questions

109
Q

What does the ordinal scale provide in terms of educational attainment?

A

Ranks in terms of educational levels

110
Q

What is a typical example of a psychological variable measured on a ratio scale?

A

Reaction time

111
Q

What might individuals prioritize over manifest content when responding to survey questions?

A

Social desirability concerns

112
Q

What is another name for Pearson
Product Moment Correlation?

A

Pearson’s r

2nd Experimental psychology (4 decks)

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